R apomorphine

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in Brazil

R-(-)-apomorphine is a chemical compound that serves as a dopamine receptor agonist. It is commonly used as a research tool in various scientific applications.

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Apomorphine (130 citations) R-(−)-Apomorphine hydrochloride hemihydrate (7 citations) R-apomorphine hydrochloride (3 citations)

5 protocols using r apomorphine

Aporphine Derivatives: Sourcing and Applications

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Aporphine derivatives were obtained from the vendors indicated: R-(−)-apomorphine (Sigma Aldrich, A4393), (−)nuciferine (Cerilliant, PHY83282), D-Glaucine (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-490895), (+)boldine (Sigma Aldrich, 67592), (+)-Bulbocapnine (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-257199). Other chemicals sourced for assays were 3-Isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (Sigma Aldrich, I5879), serotonin (Sigma Aldrich, H9523) and forskolin (Cell Signaling Technology, 3828).

Chan J.D., Acharya S., Day T.A, & Marchant J.S. (2016). Pharmacological profiling an abundantly expressed schistosome serotonergic GPCR identifies nuciferine as a potent antagonist. International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance, 6(3), 364-370.

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Vasoactive Compound Preparation Protocol

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Magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄), potassium chloride (KCl), calcium chloride (CaCl₂), sodium chloride (NaCl) and formaldehyde were purchased from Vetec Química Fina Ltda. (Brazil). Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) were purchased from Dinâmica (Brazil). Potassium monobasic phosphate (KH₂PO₄), sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) were purchased from Nuclear (Brazil). These substances, except glucose, NaCl and NaHCO₃ were diluted in distilled water to obtain each solution, which were maintained under refrigeration.
Phenylephrine (Phe) was purchased from Pfizer (USA). Acetylcholine (ACh), sodium nitroprusside (SNP), L-N^ω-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME), indomethacin, tempol, apocynin, Cremophor® and R-(-)-apomorphine were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Brazil). All substances were diluted in distilled water as needed for each experimental protocol. The carbogen mixture (95% O₂ and 5% CO₂) was acquired from White Martins (Brazil).

de Souza I.L., Barros B.C., de Oliveira G.A., Queiroga F.R., Toscano L.T., Silva A.S., Silva P.M., Interaminense L.F., Cavalcante F.D, & da Silva B.A. (2017). Hypercaloric Diet Establishes Erectile Dysfunction in Rat: Mechanisms Underlying the Endothelial Damage. Frontiers in Physiology, 8, 760.

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Vascular Reactivity Assay Reagents

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Calcium chloride dihydrate (CaCl₂·2H₂O), magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (MgSO₄·7H₂O), and glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) were purchased from Vetec (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil). Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃), sodium chloride (NaCl), and potassium chloride (KCl) were purchased from Nuclear (Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil). Monobasic potassium phosphate (KH₂PO₄), monobasic sodium phosphate (NaH₂PO₄), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and hydrochloric acid (HCl) were purchased from Dinâmica (Diadema, SP, Brazil).
Phenylephrine (PHE) was purchased from Pfizer (USA). ACh, R-(-)-apomorphine, Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), indomethacin, tempol, apocinin, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), MDA, and 1,1-diPHEnyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Brazil). To obtain the stock solutions, substances used in the functional experiments were dissolved and diluted in distilled water (indomethacin and apocinin were dissolved in absolute alcohol 96° GL), being, respectively, kept at 4 or -20°C. The carbogen mixture (95% O₂ and 5% CO₂) was obtained from White Martins (Brazil). All substances were weighed on an analytical balance, GEHAKA model AG 200 (Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil).

Diniz A.F., de Souza I.L., dos Santos Ferreira E., de Lima Carvalho M.T., Barros B.C., Ferreira P.B., da Conceição Correia Silva M., Júnior F.F., de Lima Tavares Toscano L., Silva A.S., de Andrade Cavalcante F, & da Silva B.A. (2020). Potential Therapeutic Role of Dietary Supplementation with Spirulina platensis on the Erectile Function of Obese Rats Fed a Hypercaloric Diet. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2020, 3293065.

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Pharmacological Modulation of Locomotor Activity

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Locomotor activity was measured in an open field and recorded with a video caption system. Animals were placed into the center of an open field arena (a white square arena measuring 40 × 40 × 40 cm in length, width, and height respectively), and left to habituate for 25 min. Dim light intensity was 60 lux throughout the arena. After this period, mice received an intraperitoneal injection of vehicle (0.9% NaCl), R-(-)-apomorphine (0.5 mg/kg; SIGMA A4393), or D-amphetamine sulfate (3 mg/kg; TOCRIS 2813) as previously described (Pineda et al., 2005 (link); Sherrill et al., 2013 (link)) and their behavior was recorded over the following 45 min. The same mice were evaluated with both dopaminergic stimulants. Data caption were recorded at 1 min intervals using the SMART Junior Software (Panlab) and the distance covered/pathlength (in cm) was analyzed.

Sancho-Balsells A., Brito V., Fernández B., Pardo M., Straccia M., Ginés S., Alberch J., Hernández I., Arranz B., Canals J.M, & Giralt A. (2020). Lack of Helios During Neural Development Induces Adult Schizophrenia-Like Behaviors Associated With Aberrant Levels of the TRIF-Recruiter Protein WDFY1. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, 14, 93.

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Evaluation of Pharmacological Agents

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The R-(-)-apomorphine, malondialdehyde (MDA), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and acetylcholine (ACh) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (São Paulo, Brazil). Phenylephrine (Phe) was purchased from Pfizer (Kalamazoo, USA). Magnesium sulphate (MgSO₄), potassium chloride (KCl), calcium chloride (CaCl₂), sodium chloride (NaCl) and formaldehyde were purchased from Vetec Química Fina Ltda. (São Paulo, Brazil). Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) were purchased from Dinâmica (São Paulo, Brazil). Potassium monobasic phosphate (KH₂PO₄), sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) were purchased from Nuclear (São Paulo, Brazil). These substances, except the glucose, NaCl and NaHCO₃ were diluted in distilled water to obtain each solution, which were maintained under refrigeration.

de Souza I.L., Barros B.C., Ferreira E.D., Queiroga F.R., Vasconcelos L.H., Toscano L.D., Silva A.S., da Silva P.M., Cavalcante F.D, & da Silva B.A. (2022). Supplementation with Spirulina platensis Prevents Damage to Rat Erections in a Model of Erectile Dysfunction Promoted by Hypercaloric Diet-Induced Obesity. Marine Drugs, 20(8), 467.

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