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4 protocols using mab3494

1

Mitochondrial Localization of HK2 in RA FLS

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Cells (8 × 103) per well of RA FLS were plated on Lab-Tek brand chamber slides (n = 3) and were either incubated with CoCl2 (150 µM), PDGF (20 ng/ml), MTX (1 µM), and Tofa (1 µM) or infected with Ad-GFP, Ad-HK2, and Ad-HK2ΔN. Cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde, permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100, and then blocked with 1% donkey serum in Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) for 1 h at Reverse transcriptase (RT). Then, cells were stained with anti-ATP5B (MAB3494, Millipore) to visualize the mitochondria and anti-HK2 (NBP2-16814, Novus) in blocking solution overnight at +4°C, followed by anti-mouse Alexa Fluor 594 and anti-rabbit Alexa Fluor 488 for 1 h at RT. Nuclei were counterstained with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and mounted with Fluosave. Cells were imaged at ×40 magnification using a DM6000 Leica microscope, images were analyzed, and HK2 colocation in the mitochondria was quantified using ImageJ Fiji software.
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2

Molecular Profiling of Muscle Tissues

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Gastrocnemius and hearts lysates (obtained by centrifugation of homogenates) were separated by SDS-PAGE, transferred to nitrocellulose membranes and probed using antibodies against MyoD, Myogenin (M3512, M3559-Dako), Desmin, Collagen type-III, α-SMA (D1033, C7805, A5228-Sigma-Aldrich), PGC1α, β-ATPase (AB3242, MAB3494-Millipore), TFAM, Tom20, CSQ2, fsTn-I, VEGF, VE-Cadherin, PECAM, SDHA and PPARγ (sc-23588, sc-11415, sc-390999, sc-377382, sc-7269, sc-9989, sc-46694, sc-377302, sc-7273-Santa Cruz Biotechnology), CoxIV (Ab14744-Abcam) and the appropriate secondary antibodies. α-tubulin or actin (T5168, A3853-Sigma-Aldrich) were used for normalization. Quantification was performed as previously described (Ferraro et al., 2016 (link)).
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3

Mitochondrial ATP Synthase Dynamics

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Cells were seeded on 24-well imaging plates (Eppendorff, Hamburg, Germany) and radiated 24h later. Cells were fixed at the indicated time points in 2% PFA in PBS for 10 minutes at room temperature, followed by three 5 minutes washes with PBS. Samples were permeabilized in 0.5% Triton-X100 in PBS for 2 min 30 seconds and rinsed in PBS. Blocking was performed in 0.5% BSA-PBS for 30 minutes. ATP5B antibody (Millipore, MAB3494) was diluted to 1:500 in 0.5% BSA-PBS and incubated overnight at 4C. Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated secondary antibody (1:1000; Invitrogen) was incubated for 1 hour at room temperature in 0.5% BSA-PBS containing Hoechst. ATP5B dots were counted in at least 50 cells per condition for quantification under a Leica DMi8 microscope.
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4

Nile Red Lipid Staining in Mouse Retina

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Nile Red staining of lipids [54 (link)] was used alone or in conjunction with fluorescent protein immunostaining. The eyes of 3-month-old mice were enucleated and the retina was separated from the RPC/choroid layer to obtain an empty eyeball [31 (link)]. The eyes were fixed in 4% PFA for 1 h at RT, washed with PBS, and permeabilized with 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate. They were then incubated for 20 min at RT in blocking buffer (10% fetal calf serum in PBS), and incubated overnight at 4°C with a mouse anti-mouse ATP synthase (Millipore MAB3494, 1:500) or rabbit anti-mouse perilipin (D1D8, Cell Signaling Technology # 9349, 1: 200) primary antibody. The tissues were then incubated for 4 h at RT with Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated anti-rabbit or anti-mouse secondary antibodies diluted in blocking buffer. The immunostained eyeballs were gently rinsed in PBS, incubated with Nile Red solution (10 μg/ml) for 30 min at RT in the dark, washed twice in PBS for 5 min at RT, and incubated with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI, 1:1000) for 5 min at RT. The eyeballs were finally rinsed 5 times in PBS for 5 min at RT and mounted in Dako mounting medium. Confocal imaging was performed with a Zeiss LSM 5 LIVE DUO Highspeed/Spectral Confocal system. Images were acquired with Zeiss Zen software, and LDs were counted with ImageJ software.
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