Oleic acid

GA (Purity > 99.2%) was obtained from Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Xinjiang, China). Salicylic acid (SA) was purchased from Aladdin (Shanghai, China). Oleic acid was provided by Macklin Biochemical (Shanghai, China). FBS, SP, PBS and trypsin-EDTA (0.25%) were bought from Gibco (Norristown, PA, USA). The BCA protein assay kit and MTT were obtained from Beyotime Biotechnology (Shanghai, China). The Propionibacterium acnes solution was bought from BeNa Biotechnology (Beijing, China). TG, SREBP-1, PPAR-γ, IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α ELISA kits were bought from JiangLai Biotechnology (Shanghai, China). Anti-11β-HSDb1, anti-PCNA, anti-PLIN2 and anti-NR3C1 antibodies were provided by Servicebio Biotechnology (Wuhan, China). Human sebaceous gland cells (SZ95) were obtained from Dr. Zouboulis CC.

Zein (protein content of 90%) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, (Steinheim, Germany). Shellac (chemical pure grade) was purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Curcumin (analytical reagent grade) was purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Tributyl citrate and oleic acid were of analytical grade and purchased from Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Anhydrous ethanol, glycerin, calcium chloride, and other analytical grade reagents were purchased from Xilong Chemical Co., Ltd. (Guangzhou, China). 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azi-nobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) were purchased from Grace Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Suzhou, China).

Absolute ethanol (99.7 wt.%), ferrous sulfide (FeS) (Fe, 60–72 wt.%), sodium citrate dihydrate (99 wt.%), aniline (AR, ≥99.5 wt.%), ammonium persulfate (APS) (99.99 wt.%), and sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) (98 wt.%) were purchased from Aladdin, Shanghai, China. Concentrated sulfuric acid (98 wt.%) and hydrochloric acid (40 wt.%) were purchased from Dongjiang Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Dongguan, China). Tetrabutyl titanate (99 wt.%), oleic acid (85 wt.%), and chloroplatinic acid hexahydrate (H₂PtCl₆·6H₂O) were obtained from Macklin, Shanghai, China. Deionized (DI) water with a resistivity of 18.2 MΩ/cm, produced in our laboratory, was used.

Chitosan (>99%, the degree of deacetylation ≥95%), p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (AR, 99%), and methanol (AR, ≥99.7%) were obtained from Chengdu Jinshan Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. Oleic acid (AR, ≥99%) and nano-SiO₂ were bought from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. Acetic acid (AR, ≥99.5%) was supplied by Chongqing Chuandong Chemical Co., Ltd. 50% of glutaraldehyde (AR, ≥99%) was purchased from Tianjin Damao Chemical Reagent Factory. Ethanol (AR, ≥99.5%) and petroleum ether (AR, 60–90°C) were obtained from Tianjin Fuyu Fine Chemical Co., Ltd. KOH (AR, ≥85.0%) was purchased from Shanghai Titan Scientific Co., Ltd.

The chemicals and regents used were: Choline chloride, sodium phosphate dibasic dodecahydrate, diethyl ether, iron chloride hexahydrate, ferrous sulfate, sulfuric acid (98%), hydrochloric acid (36%), ammonium hydroxide solution, and tetraethyl orthosilicate (Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China); sodium metavanadate, sodium molybdate dihydrate, dimethyl sulfoxide, anhydride, pyridine, and oleic acid (Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China); Tetrahydrofuran, ethanol, and toluene (Tianjin Hengxing Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China); lactic acid, and potassium bromide (Tianjin Kemiou Chemical Reagents Co. Ltd., Tianjin, China).

Oleic acid (OA, 99%), oleylamine (OAM, 80–90%), 1-octadecene (ODE, > 90%), methyl acetate (MeOAc, 98%) were purchased from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., LTD. Ethanol (AR), isopropanol (AR), acetone (AR), toluene (AR) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., LTD. Cesium carbonate (Cs₂CO₃, 99%) and stannous chloride dihydrate (SnCl₂·2H₂O, 98%) were purchased from Aladdin Reagent Co., LTD. Lead iodide (PbI₂, 99.99%) and methylammonium iodide (MAI, 99.5%) from Greatcell Solar Materials Pty., Ltd. N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, 99.8%) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, 99.7%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Shanghai) Trading Co., LTD. Fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) was purchased from YouXuan Technology Co., Ltd. Carbon electrode paste purchased from Shanghai MaterWin New Materials Co., LTD.