Coragen 20 sc

Chlorantraniliprole (Coragen ® 20% SC, suspension concentrate, DuPont) and thiocyclam (Evisect-S ® 75% SC) were tested. All chemicals used in the preparation of the nano-form of the insecticides were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, USA) without further purification. The oxidative stress enzymes kits were purchased from Biodiagnostic Company, Egypt.

For the bioassay and the field experiments, commercial formulations of chlorpyrifos (Chlorzan 48% EC, Coromandel International Limited, Kafr Elzayat Com.), imidacloprid (Imidammex 70% WG, MAC-GmbH) chlorantraniliprole (Coragen 20% SC, DuPont de Nemours, France), indoxacarb (Avaunt 15% EC; FMC Corporation, USA) and spinosad (Tracer 24% SC, Dow AgroSciences, UK) were used (Table 1).

The two-year trial (2017 and 2018) was performed in an apple orchard (cv. Pink Lady) located at the Department of Deciduous Fruit Trees Experimental Site, Department of Deciduous Fruit Trees, Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Greece (40.62 N, 22.12 E). The site was selected because there were outbreaks of the disease every year.
The trees were planted in 2010 and trained under the tall spindle system to an average height of 3.2 m. The soil was a sandy loam containing 3.2% organic matter with a pH of 7.1. Weeds were controlled mechanically using a mower. The trees were not irrigated nor fertilized during the two-year trial. A minimal insecticide program based on the insecticides spirotetramat (Movento Gold 100 SC, Bayer) and chlorantraniliprole (Coragen 20 SC, DuPont) was applied once in mid-May. Air temperature ( • C), leaf wetness duration (hours), and rainfall (millimeters) were recorded hourly by an electronic weather station (iMETOS IMT 300; Pessl Instruments) located at the edge of the orchard, linked to the cloud-based software Field Climate (build 0.13) for disease risk prediction.
The trials were organized in a randomized complete block design with four replications, according to the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization's (EPPO) methods [17] . Each plot consisted of 5 trees, spaced 1.5 m apart, within rows that were 3 m apart.