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45 protocols using axio examiner z1

1

Glucose-Induced Confocal Imaging of INS-1 Cells

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INS-1 832/13 cells were incubated (for 24 h) with either basal (LG; 2.5 mM) or high (HG; 20 mM) glucose on chamber slides. Samples were prepared for confocal imaging according to previously published protocols from our laboratory [28 (link)]. Images were obtained by a 63×oil objective utilizing a Zeiss Axio Examiner Z1 upright microscope. Image analysis was completed using Volocity 7.0 software [27 (link)]. All confocal microscopy studies were conducted at the Microscopy, Imaging, and Cytometry Resources Core at Wayne State University School of Medicine.
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2

Intravital Imaging of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps

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Mice were anesthetized with a mixture of ketamine/xylazine as described above, and then cannulation of the right jugular vein was performed. Preparation of the liver for intravital imaging was performed as previously described by Kolaczkowska et al. [51 (link)]. Spinning-disk confocal intravital microscopy was performed using ZEISS Axio Examiner.Z1 upright microscope equipped with confocal spinning disk device DSD2 (described above). The following filters were used: four excitation filters (DAPI: 390/40 nm; GFP: 482/18 nm; RFP: 561/14 nm; Cy5: 640/14 nm) and appropriate emission filters (DAPI: 452/45 nm, exposure time 600 ms; GFP: 525/45 nm, exposure time 700 ms; RFP: 609/54 nm, exposure time 500 ms; Cy5: 676/29 nm, exposure time 900 ms). Following antibodies were used to detect presence of NETs and neutrophils in the liver vasculature: Alexa Fluor 647 antineutrophil elastase (1.6μg/mouse, clone G-2; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA), histone H2A.X (0.5µg/mouse, clone 938CT5.1.1; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA), Brilliant Violet 421 anti-Ly6G (1.6 μg/mouse, clone 1A8; BioLegend, San Diego, CA, USA). All antibodies were injected intravenously (i.v.) via the jugular vein ~20 min prior to intravital imaging as previously published methodology [14 (link)].
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3

Targeted Delivery of Riboxxol-biotin in HT1376 Xenograft Model

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The animal experiments were approved by the Landesdirektion Sachsen (animal experiment permission number: DD24-5131/354/14) and the methods were carried out in accordance with the approved guidelines and regulations. 2 × 106 HT1376 cells were subcutaneously implanted in the right flank of athymic female nude mice (NMRIFoxn1nu/Foxn1nu). After reaching an average tumor diameter of 5–8 mm, mice were injected intraperitoneally with FITC-labeled mal19-PPI-RICIA, described above, containing 5 µg (142.9 nM) Riboxxol-biotin. Tumor, liver, lung, spleen, and kidney were resected 18 h after injection and 10 µm thick cryosections were prepared. After staining of DNA with Hoechst 33342, the slides were analyzed by Axio Examiner Z1 fluorescence microscope (Zeiss). For treatment with anti-PSCA-RICIA, HT1376 xenografts were established as described above and groups of animals with similar mean tumor volumes were treated with three intraperitoneal injections of PBS, 142.9 nM Riboxxol-biotin in PBS or anti-PSCA-RICIA containing 142.9 nM Riboxxol in total volumes of 200 µl at days 1, 3 and 5. Tumor sizes were measured in both directions by a digital caliper every two days. After calculating the mean of the tumor diameter (d), the volume of each tumor was calculated by the formula VTumor = 1/6 × Π × d3.
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4

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Spinal Cord Injury

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Prior to further processing, sections were allowed to thaw completely and fixed in methanol-acetone (1 : 1) for 10 min at −20°C. To analyze damage after SCI, sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin according to standard protocol.
For immunohistochemistry heat antigen retrieval in citrate buffer was followed by washing the sections in aqua dest. and PBS. Samples were blocked with 0.1% bovine serum albumin and 3% normal serum in 0.3% Triton X for 1 h and probed with rabbit anti-Iba1 (1 : 200, Wako Chemicals GmbH, Neuss, Germany) that was detected with donkey anti-rabbit AlexaFluor594 (Molecular Probes, Life Technologies GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany). For rat tissue mouse anti-CD68 (1 : 200, Millipore, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) and for mouse spinal cord rabbit anti-CD68 (1 : 400 Abcam, Cambridge, UK) antibodies were applied followed by detection with donkey anti-mouse AlexaFluor488 or donkey anti-rabbit AlexaFluor488 (1 : 500, Molecular Probes) overnight at 4°C. The specimens were coverslipped using Vectashield (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, USA) with DAPI to obtain counterstaining of cell nuclei.
Images were acquired using an upright Axio Examiner Z.1 (Carl Zeiss AG, Jena, Germany) equipped with camera AxioCam. Binary images of the fluorescence signals were calculated in Fiji [26 (link)] using the function color threshold and the moments filter.
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5

Intravital Microscopy of Platelet Thrombosis

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Male and female C57BL/6J mice (n = 6) were intravenously injected with vehicle control (equivalent volume of saline), ML355 (1.5 mg/kg), sHDL (50 mg/kg), or ML355-sHDL (sHDL at 50 mg/kg and ML355 at 1.5 mg/kg), respectively. Twenty-four hours after administration, mice were anesthetized as described above and tail veins were injected with DyLight 488 anti-GPIb (1 μg/g; Emfret, EIbelstadt, Germany) to label circulating resting platelets in mice before intravital microscopy imaging. The mice were placed on a heating pad, and the right common carotid artery was prepared under the dissecting microscope. Then, the mice were placed on the microscopic stage and blood flow in the carotid artery was visualized under 10× air objective using a Zeiss Axio Examiner Z1 upright fluorescence microscope. Carotid artery injury was induced by topically placing a 10% FeCl3 saturated Whatman paper for 3 min under recording. Images of platelet adhesion and the dynamics of thrombus formation were recorded for 30 min using a high-speed sCMOS camera using SlideBook 6.0. Vessel occlusion was defined by formation of an occlusive thrombus, and cease of blood flow for 1 or 30 min was taken as the vessel occlusion time if the carotid artery failed to occlude during the recording.
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6

Calcium Imaging of Arousal Circuits

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Calcium imaging was performed in yw; TrpA1SH-Gal4, uas-GCamp3.0, yw, ilp6 LOF; TrpA1SH-Gal4, uas-GCamp3.0 and yw, ilp6 null; and TrpA1SH-Gal4, uas-GCamp3.0 flies. TrpA1SH-Gal4 drove the expression of the GCaMP calcium indicator in ACs. GCaMP imaging was performed from ZT 4–7, which corresponded to the same times as the behavioral assays.
Fly brains were dissected in oxygenized modified solution F (5 mM HEPES, 115 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 6 mM CaCl2, 1 mM MgCl2, 4 mM NaHCO3, 5 mM trehalose, 10 mM glucose, 65 mM sucrose, pH 7.5)[55 (link)]. This solution was also utilized as the bath solution. A platinum-wired holder held the dissected brain in the bath [56 (link)]. The prepared brain samples, together with the holder, were mounted on a laminar flow perfusion chamber beneath the ×40 water immersion objective of a fixed-stage upright microscope (Zeiss Axio Examiner. Z1). For better accessibility, the brain was placed face up to acquire AC signals. The fluorescence signal was continuously monitored for at least 40 s.
Optical images of the preparation were acquired using a digital CCD camera (C10600-10B-H; Hamamatsu) with a 512 × 512-pixel resolution. The data from each image were digitized and analyzed using AxonVision 4.9.1 (Zeiss).
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7

Wistar Rat Cortical Slice Preparation

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Our experiments were conducted according to the European and Institutional guidelines [Council Directive 86/609/EEC and French National Research Council and approved by the local health authority (Préfecture des Bouches-du-Rhône, Marseille)]. Neocortical slices (350 to 400 μm) were obtained from 14- to 49-day-old Wistar rats of both sexes. Rats were deeply anesthetized with chloral hydrate (intraperitoneal, 200 mg/kg) and killed by decapitation. For animals older than P40, rats were deeply anesthetized with isoflurane and ice-cold perfused with the slicing solution (see composition below) and killed by decapitation. Slices were cut in an ice-cold solution containing 92 mM n-methyl-d-glutamine, 30 mM NaHCO3, 25 mM d-glucose, 10 mM MgCl2, 2.5 mM KCl, 0.5 mM CaCl2, 1.2 mM NaH2PO4, 20 mM Hepes, 5 mM sodium ascorbate, 2 mM thiourea, and 3 mM sodium pyruvate and were bubbled with 95% O2–5% CO2 (pH 7.4). Slices recovered (1 hour) in a solution containing 125 mM NaCl, 26 mM NaHCO3, 2 mM CaCl2, 2.5 mM KCl, 2 mM MgCl2, 0.8 mM NaH2PO4, and 10 mM d-glucose and were equilibrated with 95% O2–5% CO2. Each slice was transferred to a submerged chamber mounted on an upright microscope (Olympus BX51WI or Zeiss Axio-Examiner Z1), and neurons were visualized using differential interference contrast infrared videomicroscopy.
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8

Characterization of Carbon Nanotube Mesh

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The
channel dimensions were measured by using a Zeiss Axio Examiner Z1
microscope. The thickness of the CNT mesh was observed by using scanning
electron microscopy (SEM) cross-sectional imaging. The compressive
strain effect was observed using Raman spectroscopy, which was performed
using an alpha300 apyron microscope with a 532 nm laser. The electronic
properties of the CNTs, including carrier density, resistivity, and
mobility, were measured using a Lake Shore Hall measurement system
(Model 7704A). Porosimetry tests were conducted using a high-resolution
3Flex 3500 (Micromeritics) adsorption instrument with three 0.1 Torr
pressure transducers and a high-vacuum system. The measurement was
performed at −196 °C using a liquid N2 bath,
while sorption measurements were conducted using ultrahigh-purity
nitrogen gas (99.999%). The samples, having a weight of ∼200
mg, were degassed for 12 h under a strong vacuum of 1 μ torr
at room temperature before testing. Using the multipoint Brunauer–Emmett–Teller
method, the specific surface area was extracted in the relative pressure
range of 0.01 < P/Po < 0.1. The porosity was
measured before and after heating for 3 min at 110 °C via mercury
intrusion porosimetry (MicroActive AutoPore V 9600 2.03.00, USA).
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9

Imaging and Electrical Stimulation of Myenteric Ganglia

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Ringed preparations were imaged with a resolution of 512 x 512 pixels using a Plan-Apochromat 20x/1,0 DIC (UV) VIS-IR M27 water dipping objective, with a numerical aperture of 1 and a 1x software zoom on an upright Zeiss (Axio Examiner Z.1) microscope. Using a (Axiocam 702) camera (Carl Zeiss Microscopy, North Ryde, NSW, Australia), images (16 bit) were acquired at 7 Hz.
Myenteric ganglia were electrically stimulated with a single pulse and a train of pulses (20 pulses, 20 Hz; Master-8 pulse stimulator [A.M.P.I, Israel], connected to a stimulation isolation unit ISO-Flex, [A.M.P.I, Israel]) using a focal stimulating electrode (tungsten wire; 50 μm) placed on an inter-ganglionic fibre tract entering the chosen ganglion.
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10

Numerical Optimization Enhances Phase-Contrast

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For proving, that the numerical optimization enhances the phase-contrast of a brightfield microscope, a standard upright research microscope ZEISS Axio Examiner.Z1 equiped with home-made SLM using a high-resolution smartphone display (iPhone 4S, Apple, USA) in the condenser plane, was used for the first tests. In comparison to LED-condensers, as presented in [37 (link)], a ZEMAX simulation of the koehler-illumination using an LCD in the aperture plane shows two-times better light-efficiency, which also improves the SNR and allows lower exposure times of the camera.
The higher pixel-density compared to the LED-matrix also allows the calculation using the TCC without introducing large errors or artefacts in the acquired intensity images and avoids artifacts due to missing sampling points.
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