Dormicum

IVGTTs were performed on 5 h fasted mice after 8 weeks of diet treatment. Blood samples were collected from anaesthetized mice (Hypnorm, 0.5 mg fluanisone, 0.02 mg fentanyl per mouse; Janssen, Beerse, Belgium; 0.25 mg midazolam per mouse; Dormicum, Hoffman LaRoche, Basel, Switzerland) from the retrobulbar, intraorbital, capillary plexus before d‐glucose injection (0.35 g/kg bw) to the tail vein. Additional blood samples were collected at 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 50 min from each mouse. Plasma was separated and stored at −20°C until it was analyzed for insulin with a mouse insulin ELISA (Mercodia, Uppsala, Sweden) and glucose (glucose oxidase method).

Premedication consisted of an intramuscular injection of ketamin hydrochloride (Ketalar; 20 mg/kg, Pfizer, Karlsruhe, Germany), xylazine hydrochloride (Rompun; 2.0 mg/kg, Bayer Schering AG, Leverkusen, Germany), atropine sulfate (Atropinsulfat; 0.05 mg/kg, Dr. G. Bichsel, Interlaken, Switzerland), and midazolam (Dormicum, Roche Pharma, Switzerland). General anesthesia was induced by intravenous (iv) injection of etomidate (Etomidat-Lipuro; 1 mg/kg, Braun). Anesthesia was maintained by continuous IV administration of fentanyl (Janssen-Cilag AG, Baar, Switzerland) and inhaled isofluran (1.5 %, Baxter AG, Volketswil, Switzerland). Oral intubation was performed (7.5 ET Tube, Portex, Hythe, UK) and the animals were mechanically ventilated (Evita, Dräger, Lübeck, Germany) in a volume-cycled ventilator with a tidal volume of 10 ml/kg, an inspiratory oxygen concentration of 30 % and a positive end-expiratory pressure of 2 cm H₂O.

In an animal model six pigs with body weights ranging from 31–40 kg were examined during CT-guided biopsy. To reduce breathing artifacts animals were intubated, for medication access a central venous catheter in the superior vena cava was used. The induction of anesthesia was performed with intravenous azaperone (6 mg/kg; Stresnil^®, Janssen Animal Health, Beerse, Belgium), midazolam (0.4 mg/kg; Dormicum^®, Roche, Basel, Switzerland), and ketamine (8–10 mg/kg; Ketanest-S^®, Pfizer, Berlin, Germany) and muscle relaxation and thus respiratory control with vecuronium (0.02 mg/kg; Vecuronium Inresa^®, Inresa, Freiburg, Germany) was given. The anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane (Sevofluran Baxter, Baxter, Unterschleißheim, Germany).
One investigator with five years of experience in abdominal and interventional radiology performed all biopsies. A commercially available biopsy needle was used (Spirotome^®, Bioncise, Hasselt, Belgium) and positioned into the right liver lobe in end-expiratory breath hold and in a standardized manner. The trocar had a length of 14.5 cm and a shaft diameter of 13-gauge. The needle itself (22 cm length, 14-gauge) had a helically configured tip to obtain a controlled histological sample. During imaging the cannula was removed to mitigate artifacts. A coplanar puncture direction to the axial plane was aimed at.