Sodium thiosulfate

Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific

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Sodium thiosulfate is a chemical compound commonly used in laboratory settings. It has a chemical formula of Na2S2O3 and is a colorless, crystalline solid. The primary function of sodium thiosulfate is as a reducing agent and a fixing agent in various analytical and photographic processes.

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Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate (6 citations) Thiosulfate (2 citations)

27 protocols using sodium thiosulfate

Neutralizing Chlorine and Peroxide in Biocide Samples

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The catalase: peroxide ratio for successful neutralization of peroxide was determined to be at least 1:2. A stock solution of 3.4% bovine liver catalase (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) was diluted to the appropriate working concentration aseptically in sterile test media. Sodium thiosulfate (Fisher Scientific, Ottawa, ON, Canada) was used for neutralizing hypochlorite as indicated by [34 (link)]. In the current study a 6% solution of Sodium thiosulfate was used to ensure neutralization of the chlorine. After employing the neutralizers, chlorine and peroxide test strips were used to measure residual levels of biocide; a reading of 0 ppm indicated sufficient neutralization.

Martin N.L., Bass P, & Liss S.N. (2015). Antibacterial Properties and Mechanism of Activity of a Novel Silver-Stabilized Hydrogen Peroxide. PLoS ONE, 10(7), e0131345.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Perovskite Oxides

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All chemicals were used as received. Anhydrous ethanol and 5 wt% Nafion solution in lower alcohols were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Lanthanum (III) nitrate hexahydrate (99.999%), strontium (II) nitrate hexahydrate (99.9%), cobalt (II) nitrate hexahydrate (99.9%), tetrapropylammonium bromide (98%), tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) pentahydrate (99%), 2-propanol, potassium hydroxide, potassium iodide (≥99%), sodium thiosulfate (0.1 N), potassium iodate (0.1 N) and hydrochloric acid were obtained from Fisher Scientific. Absolute ethanol (200 proof) was obtained from Aaper alcohol. The commercial IrO₂ sample was obtained from Strem Chemicals. Oxygen (99.999%) and argon (99.999%) gases were obtained from Praxair. VC was obtained from Cabot Corporation and the NC was prepared as reported elsewhere57 .

Mefford J.T., Rong X., Abakumov A.M., Hardin W.G., Dai S., Kolpak A.M., Johnston K.P, & Stevenson K.J. (2016). Water electrolysis on La1−xSrxCoO3−δ perovskite electrocatalysts. Nature Communications, 7, 11053.

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Comprehensive Analytical Reagent Protocol

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Sodium azide, sodium bromide, sodium chloride, potassium fluoride, potassium nitrate, sodium phosphate dibasic, sodium silicate, sodium sulfate, and sodium thiosulfate were obtained from Fisher Scientific (Fairlawn, NJ, USA). Sodium acetate, sodium arsenate, sodium carbonate, and potassium nitrite were purchased from J.T. Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA). Lactic acid was acquired from Eastman (Kingsport, TN, USA). All reagents were of analytical grade. Ultra-pure CE water procured from Agilent Technologies (Santa Clara, CA, USA) from their Forensic Anion Solution Kit (PN 5064-8208).

Varden L., Smith B, & Bou-Abdallah F. (2017). Detection and Quantification of Inorganic and Organic Anions in Natural, Potable, and Wastewaters in Northern New York Using Capillary Zone Electrophoresis and Indirect UV Detection. Journal of chromatography & separation techniques, 8(2), 361.

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Microencapsulation of Pomegranate Peel Polyphenols

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Polyphenol‐containing extract (PPP) isolated from Georgia‐grown pomegranate peels were microencapsulated by following the method previously reported by our group (Yang et al., 2022 (link)). In short, PPP was homogenized with a mixture of maltodextrin: pomegranate peel pectin (ratio 3:1, w/w) to create PPP suspensions (core: wall materials = 1:5, w/w). Then, the PPP suspensions were spray‐dried to produce microencapsulated MPP powders. A commercial grape seed extract (GSE) (Grape seed extract, Zazzee, Montebello, NY, USA) was purchased from a local store in Griffin, GA. Peanut oil, white wine vinegar, salt, red pepper flakes, garlic powder, basil leaves, and oregano were obtained from a local supermarket in Griffin, GA, USA. Iodine monochloride Wijs solution, chloroform, potassium iodide, sodium thiosulfate, starch indicator, glacial acetic acid, iso‐octane, 1, 1, 3, 3‐tetraethoxtpropane, trichloroacetic acid, and 2‐thiobarbituric acid were obtained from Fisher Scientific (Fair Lawn, NJ, USA).

Yang B., Chen J, & Mis Solval K. (2023). Microencapsulated polyphenol extracts from Georgia‐grown pomegranate peels delay lipid oxidation in salad dressing during accelerated and ambient storage conditions. Food Science & Nutrition, 12(1), 370-384.

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Characterizing Traumatic Brain Injury

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Randomly selected animals (n = 2 per injury group per strain) were stained with gold chloride to further characterize the injury. In a protocol modified from Schumed [86 (link)], sections were mounted on gelatinized slides and allowed to dry overnight before being submerged in 0.2% gold chloride (Fisher Scientific, Florence, KY, USA) in PBS for two hours, rinsed in distilled water, and treated for 5 min in 2.5% sodium thiosulfate (Fisher). After 30 min in several changes of tap water, the slides were dried overnight before clearing with xylenes and coverslipping with DPX. Sections containing dorsal hippocampus, centered at the craniectomy site (approximate stereotactic level of Bregma −3.0) were compared between the groups and strains for qualitative differences in myelin staining.

Knott M.V., Ngwenya L.B., Correll E.A., Bohnert J., Ziemba N.J., Allgire E., Hopkins T, & McGuire J.L. (2021). Lack of Glutamate Receptor Subunit Expression Changes in Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus after Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury in a Rodent Model of Depression. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(15), 8086.

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Comprehensive Analytical Reagent Protocol

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Characterization of Lipid-Soluble Compounds

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Trans-resveratrol (98+% pure), 4-Chloro-7-Nitrobenz-2-Oxa-1,3-Diazole (NBD) and 16 DOXYL-stearic acid (16-DSA) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO), potassium iodide (KI) and sodium thiosulfate from Fisher Scientific (Fair Lawn, NJ), and 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, AL). Phospholipid assay kit was from Wako Chemicals USA, Inc. (Richmond, VA), DC and BCA kit for protein assay from BioRad Laboratories (Hercules, CA). Human brain A-172 glioblastoma cells were obtained from ATCC (Manassas, VA), while DMEM, fetal bovine serum (FBS) and lipoprotein deficient serum (LPDS) were from Life Technologies (Grand Island, NY). All solvents used were of analytical grade.

Kim S.H., Adhikari B.B., Cruz S., Schramm M.P., Vinson J.A, & Narayanaswami V. (2015). Targeted Intracellular Delivery of Resveratrol to Glioblastoma Cells Using Apolipoprotein E-Containing Reconstituted HDL as a Nanovehicle. PLoS ONE, 10(8), e0135130.

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Lettuce Postharvest Washing Protocol

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The simulated postharvest washing (Figure 1) was performed according to Cimowsky et al. [4 (link)]. Briefly, surface-inoculated lettuce samples receiving the washing treatment were immersed in a sterile glass dish containing 200 mL of wash solution for 2 min without agitation. Samples were removed from the wash solution using sterile tweezers, placed into sterile Whirl-Pak^® bags, and diluted 1:5 (w/v) with PBS containing 0.2% Tween 80 and 0.1% sodium thiosulfate (Fisher Scientific, Fair Lawn, NJ, USA). The lettuce leaves were hand-massaged for 20 s, and the rinsate was serially diluted in buffered peptone water (BPW; Oxoid, CM 509; Fisher Scientific, Fair Lawn, NJ, USA) and spread-plated onto TSARN plates using a sterile L-spreader. The plates were incubated at 37 °C for 24 h, and the colonies were counted. Each wash treatment was performed in triplicate. The results were expressed as log CFU/g.

Pizzo J.S., Pelvine R.A., da Silva A.L., Mikcha J.M., Visentainer J.V, & Rodrigues C. (2023). Use of Essential Oil Emulsions to Control Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the Postharvest Washing of Lettuce. Foods, 12(13), 2571.

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Soybean Oil and Policosanol Photochemistry

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Soybean oil (SO) was generously provided by ADM oils (Decatur, IL, USA). 98% Policosanol (PC) containing 60% octacosanol was purchased from PureBulk Inc. (Roseburg, OR, USA). RP (1 600 000–1 800 000 USP units per gram) and 2-propanol (HPLC grade) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Hexane (HPLC grade), ethyl ether, isooctane, glacial acetic acid, potassium iodide, and sodium thiosulfate were from Fisher Chemical (Fair Lawn, NJ, USA). p-Anisidine (99%) was acquired from ACROS Organics (New Jersey, USA).
A UVA lamp Model ENF-280C (365 nm, 115 V, 60 Hz, 0.20 A) was used for UV treatment (Spectroline, NY, USA). The lamp provides 1.488 × 10⁻⁶ W cm⁻² measured by UV safety meter model 6D (Solar Light, Glenside, PA, USA).

Tian Y, & Acevedo N.C. (2020). Role of supramolecular policosanol oleogels in the protection of retinyl palmitate against photodegradation. RSC Advances, 10(5), 2526-2535.

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Quantification of Organic Pollutants in Water

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Metaldehyde (99+% purity) was obtained from Acros. Carbetamide and mecoprop (99+% purity) were obtained from Sigma Aldrich. Purelab Option-S7/15 system (Elga process water, Buckinghamshire, UK) supplied the ultra-pure water.
Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) 13%, and methanol (HPLC grade) and ammonium formate (99+% purity) used for the mobile phases were provided by Fisher Scientific. Samples were quenched using sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3, 99% purity) also provided by Fisher Scientific. For THM determination, potassium dihydrogenphosphate (KH2PO4) and disodium hydrogenphosphate (Na2HPO4) were obtained from Acros. Sodium sulphite (Na2SO3, 99+% purity) and sodium sulphate (Na2SO4, 99+% purity) were provided by Fisher Scientific. 1,2,3 trichloropropane, 1,4 bromofluorobenzene, THM calibration mix (EPA 501/601 chloroform, bromodichloromethane chlorodibromomethane and bromoform, compound at 2.0 mg/mL in methanol), HAA calibration mix (EPA 552.2 monochloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, chlorobromo acetic acid, dichlorobromo acetic acid, chlorodibromo acetic acid, monobromo acetic acid, dibromo acetic acid and tribromo acetic acid each compound at 2.0 mg/mL concentration in methyl tert-butyl ether) and methyl tert-butyl ether (HPLC grade) were obtained from Sigma Aldrich. Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH, laboratory grade) were obtained from Acros.

Carra I., Fernandez Lozano J., Autin O., Bolton J.R, & Jarvis P. (2020). Disinfection by-product formation during UV/Chlorine treatment of pesticides in a novel UV-LED reactor at 285 nm and the mitigation impact of GAC treatment. The Science of the total environment, 712.

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