Trichloroacetic acid tca

Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific

Sourced in United States, Belgium

Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) is a chemical compound commonly used in laboratory settings. It is a colorless, crystalline solid that is soluble in water and organic solvents. TCA is primarily used as a reagent for the precipitation and denaturation of proteins in various analytical procedures.

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Trichloroacetic acid

14 protocols using trichloroacetic acid tca

Quantification of Cefprozil Diastereomers

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Chemical standards of cis- and trans-cefprozil (purity ≥ 98%; CAS No. 92665-29-7) were obtained from Hanmi Pharma, Co. (Seoul, Korea). Cefaclor (purity ≥ 99%; CAS No. 53994-73-3) was supplied by Sigma-Aldrich, Inc. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Acetonitrile (ACN), dichloromethane (DCM), methanol, and water (18.2 mΩ) of LC-MS/MS grade were also purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Inc. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Ethyl acetate of HPLC grade was obtained from Fisher Scientific, Inc. (Hampton, NH, USA). In addition, LC-MS grade formic acid, acetic acid, and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc. (Waltham, MA, USA). All chemicals used in this study had the highest HPLC grade or better quality available. Cefaclor was used as an internal standard (IS) in both methods. Fig. 1 shows structures of cis-cefprozil, trans-cefprozil, and Cefaclor.Fig. 1

Chemical structures of cefprozil diastereomers and Cefaclor (internal standard).

Fig. 1

Jeong S.H., Jang J.H., Cho H.Y, & Lee Y.B. (2020). Pharmacokinetic comparison with different assays for simultaneous determination of cis-, trans-cefprozil diastereomers in human plasma. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 11(3), 351-363.

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Cytotoxicity and Oxidative Stress Assays

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Di-sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA-Na₂), malondialdehyde (MDA), 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) were acquired from Sigma Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). SYBR gold nucleic acid stain and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific Co. (San Jose, CA, USA). Reagents and media for the cell line included a trypan blue dye, trypsin-EDTA, fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin-streptomycin and Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) were purchased from Gibco BRL, Life Technologies Inc. (Rockville, MD, USA). Low melting point agarose (LMA), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and Triton-X was purchased from Amresco Inc. (Solon, OH, USA).

Chomchan R., Siripongvutikorn S., Maliyam P., Saibandith B, & Puttarak P. (2018). Protective Effect of Selenium-Enriched Ricegrass Juice against Cadmium-Induced Toxicity and DNA Damage in HEK293 Kidney Cells. Foods, 7(6), 81.

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Antioxidant and Cytotoxicity Assays

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Reduced glutathione (GSH), 5,50-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), riboflavin, l-methionine, nitroblue tetrazolium chloride (NBT), bovine serum albumin (BSA), Coomassie brilliant blue G-250 dye, malondialdehyde (MDA), 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA), formic acid, HPLC grade acetonitrile (ACN), HPLC grade methanol, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from E. coli, l-nitro-arginine (LNA), and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) were acquired from Sigma Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific Co. (San Jose, CA, USA). Reagents and media for cell line included trypan blue dye, trypsin-EDTA, fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin, streptomycin, and Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 medium were purchased from Gibco BRL, Life Technologies Inc. (Rockville, MD, USA) and Griess reagent was from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).

Chomchan R., Puttarak P., Brantner A, & Siripongvutikorn S. (2018). Selenium-Rich Ricegrass Juice Improves Antioxidant Properties and Nitric Oxide Inhibition in Macrophage Cells. Antioxidants, 7(4), 57.

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Comprehensive Biochemical Reagent Procurement

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Acetone standard grade (AR), ethanol, sulfosalicylic acid, ortho-phosphoric acid, ascorbic acid, and glacial acetic acid were purchased from Xilong Scientific Chemicals (XSC; Shanghai, China); trichloro acetic acid (TCA) was obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific China (Shanghai chemical); thiobarbituric acid (TBA) was obtained from Sinopharm Chemical reagents; potassium phosphate (K₃PO₄) and potassium iodide (KI) were purchased from Sichuan chemical Reagent (Sichuan, China); toluene was obtained from Shanghai Chemex chemicals; EDTA and riboflavin were obtained from Shanghai Huayi Bio-Lab; nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) was provided by a lab supplier (Shanghai); GR was obtained from glutathione manufacturers and suppliers; and NADPH, proline, FeSO₄, and HCL were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent (Shanghai, China). All reagents and chemicals were of analytical grade.

Hayat K., Khan J., Khan A., Ullah S., Ali S., S.a.l.a.h.u.d.d.i.n, & Fu Y. (2021). Ameliorative Effects of Exogenous Proline on Photosynthetic Attributes, Nutrients Uptake, and Oxidative Stresses under Cadmium in Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan L.). Plants, 10(4), 796.

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Characterization of PARP14 Macrodomain

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cDNA of human PARP15 (accession number: BC101701) and PARP14 (accession number: BC039604), were obtained from GE Dharmacon (Lafayette, CO). Synthetic DNA encoding macrodomain 2 (residue 983-1196) of PARP14 with codon optimized for bacterial expression was purchased from Integrated DNA Technologies (IDT) (Coralville, IA).
Olaparib was purchased from Selleckchem (Houston, TX) and Minocin, XAV939, 1,5-isoquinolinediol, DR2313, 6(5H)-phenanthridinone, nicotinamide, adenine, β-NAD⁺, and β-NADH were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). 96-well high-binding fluorescence plates were purchased from Greiner Bio-One (Monroe, NC). PureGrade microplates and semi-micro polystyrene cuvettes were purchases from BrandTech Scientific, Inc (Essex, CT). Dithiothreitol (DTT) was purchased from VWR International (Radnor, PA). Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and Tris base were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA). Anti-HA monoclonal antibody-horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugate (clone 2-2.2.14), Pierce^™ Coomassie Plus (Bradford) assay kit, and QuantaBlu^™ fluorogenic peroxidase substrate were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA).

Chen J., Lam A, & Zhang Y. (2017). A Macrodomain-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (MLISA) for Mono-ADP-Ribosyltransferases. Analytical biochemistry, 543, 132-139.

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Phytochemical Evaluation of R. parviflora Bark

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The stem bark of R. parviflora was collected in Delta state, Nigeria in February 2014. The plant was authenticated by A.O. Oziokowith of University of Benin, Nigeria. A voucher specimen (INTERCEDD/1588) was deposited in the herbarium at the International Centre for Ethnomedicine and Drug Development (INTERCEDD), Enugu state, Nigeria. Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) was purchased from Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, United Kingdom) Carboplatin, glacial acetic acid, N,O-bis(trimethylsily) trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) with 1% chlorotrimethylsilane (TMCS), palmatine chloride, pyridine, sulforhodamine B (SRB) sodium salt, Trypsin-EDTA solution, and Trizma base were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Gillingham, United Kingdom). Fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin-streptomycin, and RPMI 1640 medium were purchased from Lonza (Visp, Switzerland).

Johnson-Ajinwo O.R., Richardson A, & Li W.W. (2019). Palmatine from Unexplored Rutidea parviflora Showed Cytotoxicity and Induction of Apoptosis in Human Ovarian Cancer Cells. Toxins, 11(4), 237.

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Cytotoxicity Assay for Anticancer Drugs

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Azacitidine (Sigma), cisplatin (Teva), cytarabine (Sigma), etoposide (Teva), fludarabine (Sagent), melphalan (Sigma), methotrexate (Hospira), paclitaxel (Hospira), vincristine (Hospira), 5-FU (Teva), doxorubicin (APP Pharmaceuticals), and anakinra (Amgen) were stored according to manufacturer’s recommendation. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from E. coli serotype 0111:B4 was purchased from Enzo Life Sciences. Nilotinib and sorafenib (LC Laboratories) and ponatinib (Tocris Bioscience) were dissolved in DMSO and stored at −80 °C. Insulin was purchased from Sigma. Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) was purchased from Fisher Scientific. Antibody against IL-1β (ab9722) was purchased from Abcam, phospho-JNK (9251) and phospho-p38 MAPK (9211) from Cell Signaling Technology, and p38 MAPK (sc-535) from Santa Cruz Biotechnology.

Wong J., Tran L.T., Magun E.A., Magun B.E, & Wood L.J. (2014). Production of IL-1β by bone marrow-derived macrophages in response to chemotherapeutic drugs: Synergistic effects of doxorubicin and vincristine. Cancer Biology & Therapy, 15(10), 1395-1403.

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Oxidative Stress and Nrf2 Signaling

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EGCG, 6-OHDA, Hanks’ Balanced Salts (HBSS) used for cell culture were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO). RPMI-1640 medium, penicillin, streptomycin fetal bovine serum, L-glutamine, and CM-H₂DCFDA oxidative indicator probe were obtained from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA). Trichloroacetic Acid (TCA) was purchased from Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA). 1, 1, 3, 3-Tetramethoxypropane, 2-Thiobarbituric Acid (TBA) were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO). Protein carbonyl was assessed by commercial kit from Cayman Chemical Company (Ann Arbor, MI). Protein concentration was determined by Pierce BCA protein assay kit (Rockford, IL). Rabbit anti-rat-Nrf2 polyclonal antibody, rabbit anti-rat-HO-1 polyclonal antibody and rabbit anti-rat-PPARγ antibody, secondary antibody goat- anti-rabbit -IgG-HRP and goat- anti-mouse- IgG-HRP were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA). β-actin mouse-anti-mouse-monoclonal antibody was obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, MO).

Xu Q., Chen Y., Chen D, & Reddy M.B. (2024). The Protection of EGCG Against 6-OHDA-Induced Oxidative Damage by Regulating PPARγ and Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling. Nutrition and Metabolic Insights, 17, 11786388241253436.

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Triazine Pesticide Extraction and Quantification

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Dow Corning OFX 0309 was purchased from Ingredients Plus, Malaysia. Atrazine (molecular weight: 215.68 g mol⁻¹, λ_max: 222 nm) and propazine (molecular weight: 229.71 g mol⁻¹, λ_max: 222 nm) were purchased from Dr Ehrenstorfer, Germany (99% purity). Standard stock solutions of Atrazine (1000 mg l⁻¹) and propazine (1000 mg l⁻¹) were prepared in methanol. The working solutions were freshly prepared daily by an appropriate dilution of the stock solutions in deionized water. For all experiments, OFX 0309 surfactant and both triazine species were used without further purification. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were used for pH adjustment. Potassium carbonate (K₂CO₃), sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), potassium hydroxide (KOH), potassium chloride (KCl), sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium nitrate (Na₂NO₃) and sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄) (purchased from QRec, Malaysia) were prepared by dissolving an appropriate amount in deionized water. Trichloroacetic acid (TCA), purchased from Fisher Chemical, USA, was used in the deproteination of milk samples.

Mohd N.I., Zain N.N., Raoov M, & Mohamad S. (2018). Determination of carcinogenic herbicides in milk samples using green non-ionic silicone surfactant of cloud point extraction and spectrophotometry. Royal Society Open Science, 5(4), 171500.

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Antibody and Reagent Preparation

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Rat anti-mouse ICAM-1 (anti-ICAM) antibody YN1, was produced from respective hybridoma from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA). Non-specific IgG was from Jackson Immunoresearch (Pike West Grove, PA, USA). 5′-modified DNA oligonucleotide (72-mer) was from Oligo Factory (Holliston, MA, USA). Pierce bond-breaker TCEP solution, LC-SMCC crosslinker, 7 k MWCO Zeba spin columns, thiophilic adsorption resin, heterobifunctional Pierce crosslinking kit, bovine serum albumin (BSA), and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) were from Fisher Scientific (Kerrville, TX, USA). Rabbit anti-mouse PECAM-1 antibody was from Novus Biologicals (Centennial, CO, USA) and FITC-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG was from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA). Iodogen iodination tubes were from Pierce (Rockford, Illinois) and BioSpin Tris Columns were from BioRad (Hercules, California). Amicon 10 kDa MWCO spin filters were from Millipore Sigma. All other reagents were from Sigma Chemical (St. Louis, MO, USA).

Roki N., Solomon M., Bowers J., Getts L., Getts R.C, & Muro S. (2022). Tuning Design Parameters of ICAM-1-Targeted 3DNA Nanocarriers to Optimize Pulmonary Targeting Depending on Drug Type. Pharmaceutics, 14(7), 1496.

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