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5 protocols using hnf1α

1

Investigating Neuroinflammatory Mechanisms

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All chemicals, including anti-CT19 amyloid antibody and 10% neutral buffered formalin solution used in this study, were from Sigma Chemical (St. Louis, MO, USA). Specific antibodies to MAPKs, phospho-MAPKs, total tau, p-tau-T181, p-tau-S396, β-amyloid, TNF-α, MCP-1, GFAP, cleaved caspase-3, or IL-6 were purchased from Cell Signaling (Danver, MA, USA). Specific antibody to GSK-3β, p-GSK-3β-S9, CDK5, p-tau-T231, iNOS, 3-NT, CYP2E1, or NeuN was from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA). Antibody against p-CDK5-Tyr15, cleaved caspase-3, Bax, GAPDH, NeuN, GFAP, HSP90, HNF-1α, BNIP3, and secondary antibodies conjugated with horse radish peroxidase were obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). Recombinant HIV-1 Tat and gp120 (B.MN D11 strain) proteins were provided by the NIAID AIDS Reagent Program (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA). Neuro-2a cells were purchased from the ATCC (American Type Culture Cells (Manassas, VA). Other materials not described here were the highest grades available and/or the same, as recently described [21 (link), 22 (link)].
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2

Protein Detection Antibodies in Hepatocyte Assays

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Various proteins were detected by the following antibodies: ISG20 (Abcam, Cambridge, UK, 1:2000), HBV core protein (B0586, Dako, Glostrup, Denmark, 1:2000), HBsAg (ab9193, Abcam, or Dako, 1:2000), hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α (HNF1α) (sc‐393668, 1:1000, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA), FLAG‐M2 (A5316, 1:2000, Sigma), CEBPα (sc‐365318, 1:1000, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), HNF4α (sc‐374229, 1:2000, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), PGC‐1α (sc‐518025, 1:2000, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), and actin (A5316, 1:5000, Sigma).
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3

Protein Expression Analysis Protocol

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Total membranes, protein and nuclear extracts were prepared and protein concentrations were determined as described previously [6 (link), 7 (link)]. The dilution of primary antibodies were as follows: CYP7B1 (1:2000), CYP8B1 (1:2000), CYP27A1 (1:2000), CYP3A4 (1:4000), UGT2B (1:4000), SULT2A1 (1:2000), GSTA1 (1:1000), GSTM2 (1:1000), OSTα (1:4000), OCT1 (1:2000), ABCG5 (1:3000), ABCG8 (1:2000), VDR (1:1000), RARα (1:1600), HNF1α (1:2000), HNF4α (1:2000), and LXR (1:1000) (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA), CYP2B6 (1:2000) (OriGene, Rockville, MD), GSTA2 (1:4000) (GeneTex, Irvine, CA), GSTA3 (1:1000), GSTA4 (1:1000), GSTM1 (1:1000), GSTM3 (1:1000), GSM4 (1:1000), PPARα (1:1000), and AHR (1:1000) (Proteintech Group, Chicago, IL, USA), OSTβ (1:500) (Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co., St Louis, MO), ABCG2 (1:2000), FXR (1:10,000), SHP (1:1000), HNF3β (1:10,000), and NRF2 (1:10,000) (Abcam, Cambridge, MA). GAPDH (1:40,000) (Abcam) and SH-PTP1 (1:1600) (Santa Cruz) were used for normalizing data.
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4

Western Blot Analysis of Nutrient Transporters

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For western blot analysis, cultured Caco-2 cells, mouse jejunal tissues, and organoids were homogenized in RIPA buffer (Sigma) in the presence of a complete protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche, Nutley, NJ). Sixty micrograms of total protein (60μg) was loaded into an individual lane of a 4–12% mini gel (Invitrogen) and transferred to PVDF membrane. After transfer, the membrane was probed with primary antibodies [hSVCT-1 (1:1000 dilution; Abgent, CA: Cat # AP12718a), mSVCT-1 (Cat # Sc 9921), hSVCT-2 (Cat # Sc 30114), mSVCT-2 (Cat # Sc 9926), HNF1α (Cat # Sc 6547) and Sp1 (Cat # Sc 14027) 1:200 dilutions; Santa Cruz biotechnology Inc.]. The specificity of the antibodies has been previously determined from protein samples isolated from various in vitro and in vivo preparations [16 (link), 51 (link), 58 (link)–60 (link)]. Anti-β-actin mouse monoclonal antibody (in 1:3000 dilution; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Cat # Sc 47778) was used as an internal control. The corresponding secondary antibodies (LI-COR Biosciences) in 1:30,000 dilutions were used as described previously [16 (link), 51 (link)]. Relative protein expression was quantified by normalizing the signal intensity against β-actin using application software in the Odyssey Infrared imaging suite (version 3, LI-COR Biosciences).
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5

Western Blot Analysis of Liver Proteins

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Whole-cell lysates were obtained with a boiling lysis buffer (1% SDS, 1mM Tris HCL, and 8mM Sodium orthovanadate). Liver samples were washed with PBS 1X and then grinded in lysis buffer (10 mM HEPES, 0.2 mM EDTA, 10 mM KCL, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 150 mM NaCl, 0.01 mM DTT, 0.2% NP40 and 40U RNase out). Lysates were centrifuged at 10,000 g for 5 min at 4 °C. 40 µg of protein extracts were resolved on a 12% SDS-page gel and transferred on a nitrocellulose membrane. Membranes were blocked in 5% skim milk (2.5% for SigR1 antibody), then incubated overnight at 4 °C with specific primary antibodies: SigR1 (1/400; Covalab), ERα (1/400; H184 Santa Cruz), HNF1α (1/500; Santa Cruz). The bound antibodies were detected (Fusion, Vilbert-Lourmat, France) using corresponding horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies and chemiluminescence detection kit (Biorad, Marnes-la-Coquette, France). Quantification of the signals was performed by densitometry using the ImageJ software.
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