Scanning electron microscopy for biofilm was performed. The bacterial consortium control (absence of nanoparticles) and treated cells with 1 μg/ml of TiO2-NPs in waste water medium was grown in 24 well microtitre plates and incubated at 37°C for 24 h. The samples were washed with 1x PBS after 24 h incubation and was fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde. The fixation step was further followed by dehydration steps with 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% ethanol and dried overnight. The glass slides were fixed on the specimen mount with the help of carbon tape. To avoid surface charge interference, gold sputtering was executed in an argon atmosphere. Morphological analysis and surface elemental composition of the biofilm was performed with the help of SEM-EDX (S-400, HITACHI and Tokyo, Japan JEOL JSM-5510) [16 (link)].
S 400
Manufactured by Hitachi
Sourced in Japan
The S-400 is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) produced by Hitachi. It is designed to provide high-resolution imaging and analysis of a wide range of materials and samples. The core function of the S-400 is to enable detailed observation and examination of the surface and internal structure of specimens at the micro- and nano-scale.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
6 protocols using s 400
1
Biofilm Morphology and Composition Analysis
2
Silk Fiber Surface Morphology and Composition
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The surface morphology of the silk fibers and its elemental composition were observed by SEM combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (S-400, Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan).
3
SEM Analysis of Material Samples
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Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was carried out with an S400 (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan) scanning electron microscope equipped with an Everhart–Thornley secondary electrons detector and an UltraDry EDS detector (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA).
4
Characterization of Zeolite Materials
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The determination of CMC for the CTAB surfactant was quantified through tensiometry (Kruss K100 Tensiometer, Hamburg, Germany) and conductivity (Radiometer, MeterLab CMD 230, Copenhagen, Denmark) measurements. The structural characterization of the zeolite materials was made through X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) patterns obtained at room temperature in a Pan’Analytical PW3050/60X’Pert PRO (θ/2θ) diffractometer (Phillips, Almelo, The Netherlands) equipped with the X’Celerator detector with automatic data acquisition (X’Pert Data Collector (v2.0b) software) and using monochromatized CuKα radiation as the incident beam, 40 kV–30 mA. Diffractograms were obtained through continuous scanning in a 2θ range of 5°–40° with a step size of 0.017 °2θ and a time per step of 0.6 s. Scanning and Transmission Electronic Microscopy (SEM and TEM) were carried out in Hitachi (Chiyoda, Japan) model S400 (SEM) and H-8100 (TEM) microscopes. The textural characterization was obtained through low-temperature N2 adsorption isotherms obtained in an automatic apparatus, ASAP 2010 (Micromerics Instruments Corporation, Norcross, GA, USA). Prior to the adsorption measurements, about 50 mg of zeolite samples was outgassed at 300 °C for 3 h under a vacuum greater than 10−2 Pa.
5
Characterization of HACNT Membranes
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HACNT membranes were observed by SEM at 10 kV (SEM, S-400, Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan). The CA was measured using a Phoenix Alpha P200 instrument (Meiwa fosis, Japan). For mechanical strength testing, a dumb-bell shape SWCNT membrane was fabricated with 2 mm width in the middle and stretched using an MST-I type HS/HR (Shimadzu, Japan) with a 25 N load cell; PTFE membranes were also analyzed using the same method for comparison. The membrane thickness was measured using a constant-pressure thickness gauge (PG-02, TECLOCK, Japan).
6
Particle Size and Morphology Analysis
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Size and morphology analysis. -Measurements of the particle size and mean diameter were performed using an optical microscope (Motic Deutschland GmbH, Germany). Morphology of CET and the obtained microparticles was assessed under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) (S-400, Hitachi, Japan). Before SEM imaging, microparticles were sputter-coated with gold.
HPLC analysis. -The amount of CET was examined using the HPLC system Agilent Technologies 1200 and Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C18, 4.6×150 mm, 5 µm column (Agilent Technologies, Germany). Data collection and analysis were conducted with Chemstation 6.0 software. Acetonitrile/water solution (40:60, V/V) with addition of 0.1 mol L -1 triethylamine (pH 3.5) was used as the mobile phase. The flow rate was 1.0 mL min -1 and ultraviolet detection was done at 215 nm (22, 23) . CET retention time was 3.5 min. Standard calibration curve was linear over the range of 1-100 µg/mL with the correlation coefficient R 2 = 0.999. The studies were carried out in triplicate.
HPLC analysis. -The amount of CET was examined using the HPLC system Agilent Technologies 1200 and Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C18, 4.6×150 mm, 5 µm column (Agilent Technologies, Germany). Data collection and analysis were conducted with Chemstation 6.0 software. Acetonitrile/water solution (40:60, V/V) with addition of 0.1 mol L -1 triethylamine (pH 3.5) was used as the mobile phase. The flow rate was 1.0 mL min -1 and ultraviolet detection was done at 215 nm (22, 23) . CET retention time was 3.5 min. Standard calibration curve was linear over the range of 1-100 µg/mL with the correlation coefficient R 2 = 0.999. The studies were carried out in triplicate.
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