To induce a porcine bacteremia model, extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli (5.0 * 10^9 CFU, Strain: BAA-196, ATCC, Manassas, VA) was diluted in 1000 mL of normal saline and intravenously administered over the course of an hour to subjects (Fig. 1 ). After complete infusion of bacteria, the pigs were assigned to two groups of antibiotics, ceftriaxone (2 g, Cerixone, Chong Kun Dang, Seoul, Rep. of Korea) or ertapenem (2 g, Invanz, MSD, Whitehouse Station, NJ). One hour after the completion of bacterial infusion and acquisition of blood samples, including culture, antibiotics were administered to the subject as allocated.
The animals were monitored up to 7 h after completion of bacterial infusion, and the primary goal was to maintain over 65 mmHg of MAP. Balanced crystalloid solution (Plasma Solution A, HK inno. N, Seoul, Republic of Korea) was challenged when MAP was less than 65 mmHg, and vasopressors consisting of norepinephrine, vasopressin, and epinephrine were sequentially initiated when the cumulative fluid exceeded 30 mL/kg or target MAP was not achieved with bolus fluid.
The animals were monitored up to 7 h after completion of bacterial infusion, and the primary goal was to maintain over 65 mmHg of MAP. Balanced crystalloid solution (Plasma Solution A, HK inno. N, Seoul, Republic of Korea) was challenged when MAP was less than 65 mmHg, and vasopressors consisting of norepinephrine, vasopressin, and epinephrine were sequentially initiated when the cumulative fluid exceeded 30 mL/kg or target MAP was not achieved with bolus fluid.