Li foil

Li₂CO₃ (99.9%, Sigma-Aldrich), La₂O₃ (99.9%, Sigma-Aldrich), ZrO₂ (99.9%, Sigma-Aldrich), Ta₂O₅ (99.9%, Sigma-Aldrich), were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA, Aladdin, Mv ≈ 1000) phenylbis (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)-phosphine oxide (Aladdin), succinonitrile (Aladdin), and LiTFSI (Sigma-Aldrich) were also purchased. Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄), Ni-rich layered oxides LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂ (NCM811), conductive carbon black (Super-P), Li foil (0.45 mm, 99.9%), Al foil (20 μm, 99.99%), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) were purchased from MTI Corporation. Aluminum plastic film, tab and sealing machine were purchased from Guangdong Canrd New Energy Technology Co., Ltd.

Lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF₆), lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI), 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME), 1,3-dioxolane (DOL) and propylene carbonate (PC) (all in battery-grade purity) were obtained from BASF Corporation. Lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) was obtained from Nippon Shokubai and used as-received. The electrolytes were prepared by dissolving the desired amount of salt into the solvent. Li foil and Cu foil were purchased from MTI Corporation and All Foils, respectively. The materials were stored and handled in an MBraun LABmaster glove box with an Ar atmosphere (<1 p.p.m. O₂ and <1 p.p.m. H₂O).