3h methyl 4 phenylpyridinium

RGE was purchased from the Punggi Ginseng Cooperative Association (Youngjoo, Kyungpook, Korea). The ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Rg1, Rg3, Rh1, Rh2, compound K, Re, PPD, and PPT were purchased from the Ambo Institute (Daejeon, Korea). Berberine, caffeine, valsartan, probenecid, rifampin, TEA, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and Hank’s balanced salt solution (HBSS) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), non-essential amino acids, and poly-D-lysine-coated 96-well plates were purchased from Corning Life Sciences (Woburn, MA, USA). [³H]Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ([³H]MPP⁺; 2.9 TBq/mmol), [³H]para-aminohippuric acid ([³H]PAH; 0.13 TBq/mmol), [³H]estrone-3-sulfate ([³H]ES; 2.1 TBq/mmol), and [³H]estradiol-17β-d-glucuronide ([³H]EG; 2.2 TBq/mmol) were purchased from Perkin Elmer Inc. (Boston, MA, USA). Acetonitrile, methanol, and water were obtained from Fisher Scientific Co. (Fair Lawn, NJ, USA). All other chemicals and solvents were of reagent or analytical grade.

Rosmarinic acid, probenecid, furosemide, valsartan, tetraethylammonium chloride, rifampin, cyclosporin A, Hank’s balanced salt solution (HBSS), sodium butyrate, and non-essential amino acids were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). [³H]Para-aminohippuric acid (0.13 TBq/mmol), [³H]estrone-3-sulfate (2.12 TBq/mmol), [³H]estradiol-17β-D-glucuronide (2.22 TBq/mmol), [³H]taurocholate (0.57 TBq/mmol), and [³H]methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (2.9 TBq/mmol) were purchased from Perkin Elmer Inc. (Boston, MA, USA). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), poly-D-lysine-coated 24-well plates, and poly-D-lysine-coated 96-well plates were purchased from Corning-Gentest (Tewksbury, MA, USA). Other chemicals were of the highest quality available.
HEK293-OAT1, -OAT3, -OATP1B1, -OATP1B3, -OCT1, -OCT2, and NTCP cells (HEK293 cells transiently overexpressing OAT1, OAT3, OATP1B1, OATP1B3, OCT1, OCT2, and NTCP transporters, respectively) and HEK293-mock cells were purchased from Corning Life Sciences (Woburn, MA, USA).