Jem f200

The Bi₂Se₃ thin films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD, D8 Advance, Bruker, Berlin, Germany), atomic force microscope (AFM, Multimode 8, Bruker, Berlin, Germany), Raman (inVia, Renishaw, New Mills, UK), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, AXIS, SUPRA+, Shimadzu, Milton Keynes, UK), scanning electron microscope (SEM, JEM-F200, JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) and PPMS (9 Ever Cool II, Quantum Design, San Diego, CA, USA). The Si NWs and the Bi₂Se₃/Si NWs were characterized by SEM (JEM-F200, JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) and UV-VIS-NIR Spectroscopy (Lambda 950, PerkinElmer, Akron, OH, USA). The performance of the device was tested by a semiconductor characteristics system (4200-SCS, Keithley, Beaverton, OR, USA) and a spectral response test system, which consisted of the following parts: light source (model 7ILT250 halogen tungsten light source with a power of 250 W, Sofn Instruments, Beijing, China), chopper (model 3501 Optical Chopper, Newport, Andover, MA, USA), monochromator (model 7ISW151 dual raster scanning spectrometer, Sofn Instruments, Beijing, China), lock-in amplifier (model SR830 DSP, Stanford Research Systems, Sunnyvale, CA, USA), DC power supply, one-dimensional lift table for sample testing, standard detector (model DET 36A, Thorlabs, Newton, NJ, USA), optical path components and related test software [31 (link)].

Pure iron was used as the raw material, and it was heated in a Si–Mo heating electric resistance furnace (Braveman Special Testing Furnace CO. LTD., Luoyang, Henan, China). The chemical composition of the pure iron sample is shown in Table 1. The pure iron sample was heated to 1873 K (1600 °C) in an alumina crucible in the Si–Mo heating electric resistance furnace. After the temperature was maintained at 1873 K for 30 min, the Zr–Fe alloy (60% Zr) wrapped in a high-purity iron belt was added to the melted pure iron, followed by stirring for 10 s to ensure uniform distribution of the Zr–Fe alloy. Finally, 120 s after adding the Zr–Fe alloy, samples were removed in quartz tubes, followed by quenching in water. The whole experimental process was protected by high-purity argon gas.
The inclusions were extracted by electrolysis. A copper plate was used as the cathode, and the sample was the anode. After electrolysis, the anode was placed in anhydrous ethanol. By ultrasonic cleaning, the inclusions attached to the anode were dispersed in anhydrous ethanol. Finally, the inclusions extracted by electrolysis were analyzed by micro X-ray diffraction (μXRD, Bruker D8 Advance, Bruker, Berlin, Germany) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM, JEOL JEM-F200, JEOL, Tokyo, Japan).

Au NPs were prepared as previously described, with some modifications (35 (link)). In brief, natural phenols (including thymol, plumbagin, naringenin, and kaempferol, 0.05 mmol), Tween 80 (50 mg), and triethylamine (50 μL) were dissolved in 10 mL ice-cold water with ultrasonication for 20 min to obtain a mixture. HAuCl₄·3H₂O (0.05 mmol, 400 μL) was added dropwise to the mixture with vigorous stirring (1,000 rpm) in an ice-cold water bath. The mixture was stirred continuously for a further 2 h. The formation of Au NPs was indicated by the development of a purple color. To remove unreacted compounds, the Au NPs were dialyzed against double-distilled water for 24 h, and the mixture was sterilized by filtering through a 0.22-μm filter. The charge and dispersibility of the nanoparticles were assessed using a nanoparticle size and zeta potential analyzer (DLS) (Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS90; Malvern, UK). A multifunctional microplate reader (BioTek Synergy Neo₂; BioTek, USA) was used to measure the UV-visible (UV-vis) absorption of different Au NPs. The morphologies of different Au NPs were characterized by TEM (JEOL JEMF200; JEOL, Japan). The concentrations of different Au NPs were determined by measuring the elemental gold using ICP-OES (Thermo Fisher iCAP PRO; Thermo Fisher, USA).

Atomic‐scale structural analysis of the nanoflakes was performed using a high‐resolution TEM/STEM Cold Field Emission Gun (CFEG) JEOL JEM F200 (https://www.jeol.co.jp/en/products/detail/JEM‐F200.html) electron microscope operated at 200 kV, with HRTEM point‐to‐point resolution of 0.19 nm and a spherical aberration coefficient Cs = 0.5 mm. HRTEM images were acquired by a bottom‐mounted GATAN RIO (https://www.gatan.com/products/tem‐imaging‐spectroscopy/rio‐camera) 9 Mps CMOS camera, using the GATAN Digital Micrograph Suite (https://www.gatan.com/products/tem‐analysis/gatan‐microscopy‐suite‐software). Sample preparation included a carbon‐coated copper grid, pinched by a tweezer and dropped in liquid phase SnS solution. Copper grids were left to dry without any surface contact for 8 min before being left for an additional hour under a visible light lamp to completely dry. Image Processing and Analysis were performed using the GATAN Microscope Suite 3. The balls and sticks model was built whereas the simulated SAED was constructed using the CrystalMaker (http://crystalmaker.com/about/index.html) and the SingleCrystal (http://crystalmaker.com/about/index.html) software packages respectively. Through thickness‐defocus HRTEM image simulation maps were performed using the JEMS software package (https://www.epfl.ch/research/facilities/cime/research/research‐jems/).

For transmission electron microscopy, the viral supernatant was centrifuged at 12,000 rpm/4°C for 30 minutes to remove any remaining cell fragments. The virus was further concentrated in an Amicon 50 kDa (Merck Millipore, Germany), followed by fixation with 0.1% formaldehyde for 24 h. Samples were negatively stained and examined using a JEM-F200 (Japan Electron Optics Laboratory, Tokyo, Japan) at 100,000× magnification.
To determine the temperature sensitivity, the virus was incubated at 4°C (control), 37°C, 56°C, 80°C, and 90°C for 1 h. Temperature-treated and control viral solutions were serially diluted 10 times and titrated in Vero-CCL-81 cells. Viral infection was determined by observing the CPE using a light microscope. TCID₅₀ was calculated using the Spearman–Karber method.
For the double-stranded RNA migration test, the viral solution was treated with DNase and RNase for 1 h, and viral RNA was extracted from the viral particles using the QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit (QIAGEN, USA). Genomic RNA was separated by exposure to a constant current of 1 mA on double layers of 8% and 12% SDS-PAGE for 22 h. RNA was stained using SafeView (Intron Biotech, Seoul, Korea) and visualized under UV light.