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39 protocols using ct pro 3d

1

Multi-Modal Imaging of Tissue Samples

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The surrounding solution was drained from the PET tube and samples were scanned in a μCT imaging system (Nikon XT H 225, Melville, NY) at voltage = 65 kV, current = 34 μA, and voxel resolution = 62 × 62 × 62 μm3. Reconstruction was performed using 3D CT pro (Nikon Metrology) imported as unsigned 16-bit float images. Reconstruction was corrected for beam hardening, and background noise was minimized using a Hanning filter. Images were converted to Hounsfield units using an in-house program written in MATLAB (2012b).
Hybrid images with T1-weighted MR images and R1 mapping were aligned and scaled to match the μCT based on the location of the Teflon holders. The Teflon holders were masked out of the final images.
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2

Industrial X-ray Microtomography of Samples

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A non-destructive method of industrial X-ray-computed microtomography was used to study the comparability of two rectangular samples (5–SLM, 5–SLM + HIP_2). An NV XT H 225 ST (Nikon Metrology, Brighton, MI, USA) tomograph was used for scanning of tomographic volumes, and 3D-CT Pro (Nikon Metrology, Brighton, MI, USA) software was used for the reconstruction of the tomographic data. VGSTUDIO MAX 3.3.2 software (Volume Graphics GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany) was applied for analysis of the porosity and internal construction of scanned samples. The test specimens were scanned at an accelerating voltage of 220 kV and at a power of 99 W with the size of the focal spot at about 80 µm. For the CT reconstruction, radiographic projections of 3141 volume scanned during rotation of samples by 360° were used. The time required to capture one radiographic projection took about 22 s. The CT scanning and reconstruction process of one sample takes approximately 22 h, and the resulting size of the individual cubic voxels in CT volume is represented by a value of cc. 8 µm (the voxel resolution is directly proportional to the geometrical magnification of the sample on the flat panel X-ray detector). The analyzed height of both tested specimens was 11 mm.
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3

Micro-CT Imaging of Vitrified Kidneys

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Micro-CT was performed at a resolution of 0.061 mm. Briefly, the kidneys were scanned on a micro-CT imaging system (NIKON XT H 225, Nikon Metrology, MI) with an accelerating voltage of 65 kV and current of 95 μA46 . The vitrified kidney in a cryobag was held in LN2 vapor (−150 °C) in a Styrofoam container during imaging. Separate tubes of water and air at room temperature were attached to the top of the container to serve as calibration references for determining radiodensity in Hounsfield units (HU). The images were reconstructed to reduce beam hardening artifacts and improve image quality (3D CT pro, Nikon Metrology, MI). The images were converted to unsigned 16-bit float images, post-processed (VGstudio Max 3.2, Volume Graphics, NC), and exported as DICOM images for a final analysis using MATLAB (MathWorks).
Histology with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) or Periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) was also performed as routine18 (link). The kidney slices were digitized for histopathological analysis, and histologic interpretation was performed in a blinded fashion by a clinical pathologist.
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4

Assessing Arterial Diffusion Dynamics

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Samples were first scanned in a μCT imaging system (NIKON XT H 225), then reconstructed to correct for beam hardening and to improve accuracy (3D CT pro, Nikon Metrology), imported as unsigned 16-bit float images and post-processed (VGstudio Max 2.2), and finally analyzed with ImageJ Fiji (open source). Diffusion of VS55 into the artery wall at room temperature was measured at 10 time points, roughly every 18 min, over 3 h in two representative porcine arteries. A medium resolution scan of 60 μm pixel size yielding 15 data points across the 0.9 mm arterial wall of one artery was used for the image acquisition. Separate arteries (n = 3/case) were assessed for vitrification success or failure.
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5

Micro-CT Imaging of Fetal Specimens

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Imaging of the fetuses were acquired using 1 of 2 micro-CT scanners located on-site (XTH 225 ST or Med-X Alpha; Nikon Metrology, Tring, United Kingdom), both equipped with a multimetal target. All imaging was undertaken by 1 of 4 trained members of the research team (S.C.S, J.C.H, A.G. or I.C.S). Fetuses were secured within the scanner using foam supports, moisture absorbent wrapping material, and Parafilm M (Bemis Company, Inc, Oshkosh, WI) to ensure mechanical stability. Imaging parameters varied according to fetal size, with X-ray energies and beam current ranging between 60 and 160 kV and 78 and 350 μA, respectively. Exposure times ranged from 88 to 1000 ms, with 1 X-ray frame per projection, with a total number of projections varying between 1066 and 3141.
Projection images acquired by the scanner were reconstructed using modified Feldkamp filtered back-projection algorithms with proprietary software (CTPro3D; Nikon Metrology, United Kingdom) and postprocessed using VGStudio MAX 3.0 (Volume Graphics GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany). Isotropic voxel sizes varied according to specimen size and magnification, ranging from 18.6 μm to 121.7 μm.
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6

Normalized XFI and μCT Analysis of Teeth

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All XFI data were processed using the SMAK software package (https://www.sams-xrays.com/smak). The recorded fluorescence counts were normalized to the incident intensity I0 and were background corrected by subtracting the average intensity of pixels outside the image from the intensity of each pixel of the image. The μCT volumes of the teeth were reconstructed using Nikon’s CT Pro 3D and the data were visualized using VG Studio (https://www.volumegraphics.com/) and ORS (http://theobjects.com/).
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7

High-Resolution Lung Tissue Imaging

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The paraffin-embedded lung samples were scanned using a custom-built Nikon Metrology micro-CT scanner at an isotropic voxel size of 8 μm as previously described (24 (link)), with optimization to maximize soft tissue contrast. An X-ray tube potential peak of 55 kVp was used at a beam current of 104 to 114 μA. 2,601 tomographic radiographic viewpoints of the samples were assessed (360° rotation in 0.14° steps) by acquiring 64 repeated projections (2,000 × 2,000 pixels) for each angular step to increase signal-to-noise ratio through frame averaging, where integration time for individual projections was set to 500 ms at an isotropic voxel size of 8 μm, resulting in a field of view of 16 × 16 mm2. Together with sample shuttling during acquisition to suppress ring artefacts with the reconstruction, the gross image acquisition time per sample was about 24 hours. The projections were then reconstructed in 3D using the Feldkamp, Davis, and Kress algorithm for cone beam tomography in the DigiR3D tomography reconstruction module of the DigiXCT software suite (Digisens) or using standard filtered-back projection within CTPro3D (v. XT 2.2 service pack 10, Nikon Metrology) and CTAgent (v. XT 2.2 service pack 10, Nikon Metrology) (35 ).
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8

Microstructural Imaging of Lung Samples

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The paraffin-embedded lung samples were scanned using a custom-built Nikon Metrology micro-CT scanner at an isotropic voxel size of 8 μm as previously described (24 (link)), with optimization to maximize soft tissue contrast. An X-ray tube potential peak of 55 kVp was used at a beam current of 104 to 114 μA. 2,601 tomographic radiographic viewpoints of the samples were assessed (360° rotation in 0.14° steps) by acquiring 64 repeated projections (2,000 × 2,000 pixels) for each angular step to increase signal-to-noise ratio through frame averaging, where integration time for individual projections was set to 500 ms at an isotropic voxel size of 8 μm, resulting in a field of view of 16 × 16 mm2. Together with sample shuttling during acquisition to suppress ring artefacts with the reconstruction, the gross image acquisition time per sample was about 24 hours. The projections were then reconstructed in 3D using the Feldkamp, Davis, and Kress algorithm for cone beam tomography in the DigiR3D tomography reconstruction module of the DigiXCT software suite (Digisens) or using standard filtered-back projection within CTPro3D (v. XT 2.2 service pack 10, Nikon Metrology) and CTAgent (v. XT 2.2 service pack 10, Nikon Metrology) (35 (link)).
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9

Micro-CT Imaging of Mouse Brains

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Intact heads from Hesx1Cre/+;Ctnnb1lox(ex3)/+ mice and wildtype control mice were fixed in 10% formalin for at least 48 h, and patient‐derived xenograft‐bearing mouse brains were fixed in 4% formalin, prior to iodination in Lugol's iodine (I127 concentration of 2.94 × 10−4mol/mL) for at least 72 h to improve tissue contrast. The heads were then rinsed with distilled water to remove excess iodine, blotted dry and secured within a low density plastic container covered with polymer film to prevent specimen dehydration. Images were acquired using a Nikon XTH 225 ST micro‐(µ)‐CT scanner, utilizing a molybdenum X‐ray source with anode voltages ranging between 70 and 100 kV and detector exposure times of 500–708 ms over 3141 projections 2, 14. Data were reconstructed using CTPro3D (Nikon Metrology, Tring) and post‐processed with VG Studio MAX software (Volume Graphics GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany).
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10

Micro-CT Imaging of Mouse Bone

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Mouse femurs and calvaria were subjected to micro-CT scanning (model XT H 225, Nikon Metrology, Inc.) using the conditions of 90 kV, 90 μA, 0.5° steps with a pixel size at 12 μm and exposure time of 708 ms as described [24 (link)]. CT Pro 3D (Nikon metrology) software was used to reconstruct original three-dimensional images. VG Studio Max 2.1 (Volume Graphics GmbH) was used for visualization and three-dimensional rendering and creation of bmp files. Finally, histomorphometry analyses were performed using SkyScan CT-Analyzer Version 1.12 (Bruker micro-CT).
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