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114 protocols using ares g2

1

Rheological Characterization of IAPs and ABPs

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ARES-G2- Rotary rheometer (ARES-G2, TA instruments, New Castle, USA) was utilized to estimate the apparent viscosities of IAPs and ABPs at the concentrations of 0.5 % and 1 % (w/v), where a 1.0-mm-gap parallel steel plate (diameter: 5 cm) was utilized. Under 25℃, the flow curve determination of IAPs and ABPs was accomplished at shear rates between 0.01 and 100 s−1. A parallel steel plate was utilized to assess the dynamic oscillation of the two polysaccharides. Initially, the linear viscoelastic zone was identified for every sample by the strain sweep at a 1-Hzfixed oscillation frequency. Then, the storage modulus (Gsticew Castle BPs instruments two polysaccharides were separately estimated within the linear viscoelastic zone through oscillation frequency sweep of 1–100 rad/s under the condition of 25 ℃.
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2

Rheological Properties of Emulsified RCOO-RCOPPs

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The rheological properties of emulsified RCOO-RCOPPs were studied by rheometer (ARES-G2, TA Instruments, USA). Appropriate amount of sample was placed on the flat plate to record the change of viscosity of the emulsion in the process of increasing the shear rate from 0.1 to 100 s−1. Frequency scanning: under 1.0 % constant strain, the frequency increased from 0.1 to 100 rad/s, and the storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G″) were recorded to characterize the dynamic viscoelasticity of emulsified RCOO-RCOPPs.
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3

Polymer Zero-Shear Viscosity Measurement

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The zero-shear viscosity of the synthesized polymers was measured using a rotational rheometer (ARES-G2, TA Instruments, New Castle, DE, USA) at a temperature of 30 °C and under shear rates in the range of 0.01–100 1/s.
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4

Rheology of PEO Solutions in Water-Glycerol

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Solutions of polyethylene oxide (PEO, from Sigma Aldrich) with a molecular weight of MW = 4 × 106 g mol–1 were prepared in a water/glycerol (75% – 25% in weight) solvent. The solvent viscosity at T = 23 °C is ηs = 2.1 mPa s (data not shown). We tested a set of solutions of different polymer concentrations: c = 125, 500, 1000, 2000, 3500, 5000, and 7500 ppm (w/w). The overlap concentration of this polymer in water is c* ≃ 550 ppm.26 Rheological measurements presented in Section 3 were performed using both a strain-controlled rheometer (ARES-G2, from TA Instruments), with a 50 mm diameter and 2.3° titanium cone geometry, as well as a stress-controlled rheometer (Physica MCR 501, from Anton Paar), with a 60 mm diameter and 1° titanium cone geometry.
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5

Rheological Characterization of Thixotropic Fumed Silica Suspension

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We study a thixotropic fluid (16 , 17 ) that is a fumed silica colloidal suspension, which consists of a hydrophobic fumed silica (R972, Evonik), a highly refined paraffin oil (18512, Sigma-Aldrich), and a low molecular weight polybutene (H25, Indopol). The fumed silica, at 2.9 vol%, was dispersed in paraffin oil and large molecular weight polyisobutylene, with the ratio between them being 69 wt%:31 wt%. The sample was mixed with a Thinky mixer running at 2,000 rpm for 1 h. All measurements are performed with the same batch of this suspension.
The rheological experiments were carried out on an ARES-G2, a strain-controlled rheometer produced by TA Instruments, at 20 C by using a cone and plate geometry (diameter, 40 mm; cone angle, 2 [part no. 402760.901]). All rheological properties were collected via TRIOS software. Before performing any measurements, the material was presheared using a protocol described by Choi and Rogers (18 ), which consists of three steps. In the first step, a shear rate of 200 s−1 is applied for 300 s. Immediately following shear cessation, a strain of 80% is applied in the direction opposite to the high shear-rate step to eliminate any directional bias produced from the high-rate shearing. The material is then held at 0 s−1 for 500 s to allow for the rebuilding of the isotropic structure.
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6

Rheologic Characterization of Dermal Fillers

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Rheologic measurements were performed to assess the flow and deformation of each material (adipose-derived ECM, lipoaspirate, CaHA, and HA) and to quantify elastic modulus and complex viscosity. All measurements were performed using a rheometer (ARES-G2; TA Instruments). A serrated 25-mm parallel-plate geometry with a 1.0-mm gap at 37°C was used (Figure 1).
Deformation oscillation measurements were obtained over a frequency range of 0.01 to 100 rad/s. Samples (1 mL) for each material were injected using a 20-gauge needle, and 4 separate samples were evaluated for each material. We chose 1 Hz as the frequency for comparison of the mean storage modulus and complex viscosity of each material because it was considered physiologically relevant for stresses that are common to the skin.
Statistical analysis to compare storage modulus and complex viscosity was performed using the paired t test. P < .05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were performed using a spreadsheet (Excel; Microsoft Corporation).
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7

Rheological Characterization of Biofilms

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Example 6

Rheological properties of the biofilm samples grown on flat PDMS substrates were measured by strain-controlled oscillatory shear experiments using a rotational rheometer (ARES-G2, TA instrument). Oscillatory strain (amplitude)-sweep tests were performed to determine the storage (G′) and loss modulus (G″) with 25 mm diameter parallel plate geometry at a fixed frequency of 1 rad sec−1. The dynamic moduli were measured with the biofilm on the PDMS substrate that is fixed to lower plate of the rheometer. All the analyses were conducted and averaged from the results of five different measurements with different samples.

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8

Dynamic Strain Sweep of Rheological Samples

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Dynamic strain sweeps, between 0.1% and 39.5% single strain amplitude, were performed at 10 Hz with zero mean strain using an ARES G2 torsional rheometer from TA Instruments, located in New Castle, DE, USA. Testing was carried out at 60 °C. The specimen geometries were disks of 8 mm diameter and approximately 2 mm thickness. Specimens were adhered to the rheometer parallel plate geometry using Loctite 480 adhesive from Henkel, Hemel Hempstead, UK. A compressive pre-force of 100 g was applied to the disks for the duration of the tests. It is noted that with this particular specimen geometry, the strain amplitude varies across the specimen radius; the reported values are therefore the maximum values for the extremity of the disk radius. The samples were pre-conditioned six times at the specified dynamic strain amplitude before collecting the torque-time data. This process was repeated at each strain segment from low to high. Each compound was tested twice.
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9

Rheological Characterization of Hydrogels

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Rheological properties were characterized using a rheometer (TA instruments, ARES-G2, DE, USA) equipped with a 20 mm diameter parallel plate geometry and a gap of 500 μm. All tests were conducted at 37 °C. To avoid evaporation of water, mineral oil was cast around the circumference of the plate. Strain sweeps were conducted from 0.1 % to 1000 % strain at 1 Hz. Recovery testing was performed at 1 Hz and 37 °C by applying 1 % strain for 5 min, followed by applying 100 % strain for 5 min as a value out of the linear viscoelastic range, for 4 cycle to monitor gel recovery. Each analysis was carried out in triplicate.
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10

Tensile Testing of PDMS Slabs

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To evaluate Young’s modulus of PDMS slabs used for device fabrication, their tensile properties were measured using ARES-G2 (TA Instruments, Inc., DE, USA). The measurement was carried out using three rectangular PDMS slabs (30 mm × 10 mm × 2.5 mm) at room temperature with a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. The acquired tensile property data were used to calculate Young’s modulus as shown in Fig. S7.
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