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6 protocols using fc204

1

Two-Dimensional HPLC for N-Glycan Separation

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Two-dimensional HPLC
was used to separate N-glycans. A CM 5000 series
HPLC (Chromaster, Hitachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan) with a TSKgel
amide-80 column (150 mm × 2.0 mm, particle size of 5 μm,
Tosoh Bioscience GmbH, Griesheim, Germany) was used for the first-dimension
separation, and a fraction collector (FC204, Gilson, Middleton, WI)
was used for fraction collection. The mobile phases used in HPLC were
deionized water (solution A) and HPLC-grade acetonitrile (solution
B), and the conditions for the TSKgel amide-80 column were as follows:
the flow rate was 0.2 mL/min; the gradient was changed linearly from A = 35% and B = 65% at t = 0 to A = 45% and B = 55% at t = 50 min.
The fractions collected from the first
HPLC eluents were injected into the second HPLC instrument (Chromaster,
Hitachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan) with a Hypercarb column (2.1 mm
× 150 mm or 2.1 mm × 100 mm, particle size of 3 μm,
Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) for the second-dimension separation.
The HPLC conditions for the Hypercarb column were as follows: the
flow rate was 0.2 mL/min; the gradient was changed linearly from A = 92% and B = 8% at t = 0 to A = 82% and B = 18% at t = 30 min. A fraction collector (FC204, Gilson, Middleton)
was used for fraction collection.
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2

Lipoprotein Fractionation by Ultracentrifugation

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Non-HDL (d <1.063 g/mL), HDL (1.063 1.210 g/mL) fractions were separated by sequential density ultracentrifugation using NaBr buffers. Total plasma (70 μL) was separated using the Optima MAX-TL Ultracentrifuge with the TLA-100 rotor (Beckman Coulter). Plasma lipoproteins were also analyzed by running 200 μL plasma onto a fast protein LC system consisting of a Superose 6 10/300 GL column (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech), and fractions from chow-fed mice were collected using the fraction collector FC-204 (Gilson), whereas fractions from Western diet–fed mice were collected using the fraction collector FRAC-100 (Pharmacia LKB).
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3

High-Speed Counter-Current Chromatography

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The mobile phase of solvent system was selected to organic lower phase. The multilayer coil column was filled first with the stationary phase. Then, the mobile upper phase was pumped into the column by a chromatographic pump (L-6200, Hitachi, Japan) at a flow rate of 3 mL/min while preparative HSCCC apparatus (TBE-1000A, Shanghai Tauto Biotech, Co., Ltd., China) was rotated at a revolution speed of 500 rpm. After hydrodynamic equilibrium was established, prepared sample solution was subjected to HSCCC apparatus. The monitoring of HSCCC peak fractions was performed by combining effluent line of the HSCCC apparatus to the UV detector (UV/VIS-151, Gilson Inc., Middleton, WI, USA) at 330 nm. The eluent from the UV detector was collected by a fraction collector (FC-204, Gilson Inc.) in 3 min per each test tube. HSCCC systems were kept the internal column temperature at 25°C by circulatory temperature regulator (RW-0525G, Jeio Tech., Korea).
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4

High-Throughput Radioactive Sample Analysis

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Approximately 0.4 mL/min of the LC eluate was transferred for fraction collection into 96-well Deep-Well LumaPlate Microplates (PerkinElmer) using a fraction collector (FC204, Gilson Inc., Middleton, WI, USA). The fraction collection time was 0.1 minute/well. The microplates were allowed to dry in a ventilated area at room temperature or using a GeneVac HT-4X benchtop evaporator (SP Industries, Ipswich, UK), closed with sealing film (TopSeal-A Plus, PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA) and placed in a microplate scintillation counter (TopCount NXT, PerkinElmer) with 12 detectors. The microplates were counted for 5 minutes per well preceded by an equilibration time of 1 minute per plate. The counting results of the samples were stored as ASCII files, which were exported to the software Laura (version 4, LabLogic Systems Ltd., Broomhill, UK) for peak integration after background subtraction.
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5

Extraction and Purification of Bioactive Compounds from Powdered Vegetables

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VG dried powder (50 g) was suspended in 200 mL of distilled water and steamed at 120 °C for 12 h to obtain PVG powder, which was then lyophilized and extracted six times by sonication with 200 mL of MeOH. The organic solvent of the methanolic extract of PVG was removed under reduced pressure, and a portion of the residue was suspended with water and extracted with diethyl ether (Et2O), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), and water-saturated n-butyl alcohol (BuOH), successively. Each organic or aqueous extract was evaporated under reduced pressure and stored in a −20 °C refrigerator. Each fraction was then subjected to column chromatography using silica gel (230–400 mesh, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). The pure compounds were isolated by semi-preparative chromatography using a Gemini C18 column (250 × 10 mm, 5 µM, Phenomenex, Torrance, CA, USA), on a Gilson chromatograph equipped with a Gilson pump 321, a Gilson UV/Vis-155 detector set at 210 nm, and a fraction collector FC204 (Gilson, Middleton, WI, USA).
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6

In Vitro Drug Permeation Study

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The skin samples were mounted on the donor compartment of Franz diffusion cells (Permegear Inc.). A fraction collector (Gilson FC 204, Middleton, USA) was attached to the water bath (Thermofisher scientific, Newington, USA) and PBS was supplied through a pump (Minipuls 2, Gilson, Luton, UK). Each Franz cell was calibrated precisely with PBS at a rate of 6 ml/hr. The receptor arms were sealed with a plastic cap and the donor compartments were sealed with a cover slip to avoid sample evaporation. The Franz cells were maintained at 37ºC and the skin surface temperature was maintained at 32ºC. The Franz cells were equilibrated up to 30 minutes before introducing test formulations to the donor compartments. The integrity of the epidermal skin sheets was monitored for a while prior to each experiment.
Dermatomed skin was placed in a Petri dish containing PBS (pH 7.4) buffer solution. The drug coated MN arrays were applied for 30s onto the skin with an applied force of 7N using the TA HD plus texture analyser (Stable micro system, Surrey, UK). Dislodgement of the MN arrays was prevented using an adhesive tape (3M, UK). Subsequently, the skin samples with the inserted MN arrays were mounted in the Franz diffusion cells with the stratum corneum on the topside. The drug cumulative release was measured for each formulation in triplicates.
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