E4980a precision lcr meter

Stretchable current collectors were fabricated by thermal evaporation of a gold film of 40–100 nm onto a thin (20 µm) film of SLIC-3. The evaporation rate was 8 Å s⁻¹. The strain-dependence of electronic resistance was measured using a customized stretcher and resistance monitor (Agilent E4980A precision LCR Meter). To make stretchable batteries, the composite electrode slurry was doctor-bladed with a gap height of 10–200 µm directly onto the Au@SLIC film. Following drying in the vacuum glovebox at 60 °C, Au@SLIC + electrode slurries were transferred into the nitrogen-filled glovebox. In the glovebox, the SLIC electrolyte was plasticized, and the components were assembled in the following order: Au@SLIC + LTO || SLIC electrolyte || Au@SLIC + LFP. Aluminum tabs were taped to the edge of the Au@SLIC current collectors, and the entire stack was sandwiched between two slabs of PDMS (EcoFlex DragonSkin 10 Medium) and sealed with a coating of liquid PDMS. Typical stretchable batteries had an active material area of 1 cm².

Experimental data have been taken from ref. 4 (link) where MIS capacitors were developed by spin–coating P(NDI2OD-T2) upon a gold bottom contact. The semiconductor was patterned^{22 (link)} to suppress the spurious effect of lateral carrier spreading^{23 (link)–25 (link)}. PMMA was then spin coated as insulator and Aluminum was evaporated as gate contact. MIS capacitors were measured by means of an Agilent E4980A Precision LCR Meter, applying to the gate an oscillation amplitude of 100 mV of variable frequency superimposed to a biasing constant voltage.
On the same substrate OTFTs were realized in a staggered, top–gate bottom–contact configuration with gold source and drain contacts and Al gate and a channel width and length of 10 mm and 10, 20, 40 μm. Transfer characteristic curves were measured applying a drain–to–source voltage of 5 V by means of Agilent B1500A Semiconductor Parameter Analyzer.

The experimental setup for investigating the response of the printed humidity sensor towards varying relative humidity (%RH) is shown in Fig. 7. Electrical connections to the printed sensor were made using the FFCs. The printed sensor was subjected to relative humidity varying from 20% RH to 80% RH, in steps of 10% RH, at a constant temperature of 25 °C in a Thermotron® SE 3000 environmental chamber. The chamber was equipped with a Thermotron® 8800 data acquisition (DAQ) system for controlling, monitoring, graphing and reporting environmental chamber data. The relative humidity and temperature of the chamber were recorded using an integrated humidity sensor HUMICAP 180 from Vaisala and a T-type (Copper/Constantan) thermocouple (T-20 B/W), respectively. During the experiment, an Agilent E4980A precision LCR meter, controlled by a custom-built LabVIEW™ program on a PC, was used to record the resistance of the printed humidity sensor at an operating frequency of 1 kHz and an applied voltage of 1 V.

TAS was performed using an Agilent E4980A precision LCR meter. During the measurement, the DC bias (V) was fixed at 0 V and the amplitude of the AC bias (δV) was 20 mV. The scanning range of the AC frequency (f) was 0.02–2000 kHz. The tDOS (N_T (E_ω)) was calculated using the equation N_T (E_ω) = (−1/qkT) (ωdC/dω)∙(V_bi/W), where q, k, T, ω and C are elementary charge, Boltzmann’s constant, temperature, angular frequency, and specific capacitance, respectively. W and V_bi are the depletion width and build-in potential, respectively. The demarcation energy E_ω = kTln(ω₀/ω) (where ω₀ is the attempt-to-escape angular frequency and equals 2πv₀T²) is derived from the temperature-dependent C–f measurements for a perovskite with a similar composition reported in a previous work where ω₀ = 1 × 10¹¹ Hz^{32 (link)}. Note the ω₀ only determines the energy depth of the trap states from the band edges, and not the impact of relative trap density changes of the device upon irradiation and healing processes.

A Gallenkamp melting point apparatus was used to measure the melting points of the monomers. A Nicolet Impact 410 FT-IR Spectrometer was used with a pellet of sample mixed with KBr to measure the IR spectra. ¹H-NMR spectra were recorded using a Bruker XL-500 Spectrometer operating at 500 MHz using CDCl₃ and DMSO-d₆ as solvents with the data given in parts per million (ppm) and spin–spin coupling constants (J) given in Hz. UV-Vis spectra of solid polymers were determined using a Jasco V670 UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. A Shimadzu Simultaneous Measuring Instrument, DTG–60/60 H was used with a heating speed of 10°C/min from 30°C to 600°C in the air to record the TGA/DTA thermograms. A SEM–Hitachi–4800 was used to perform the SEM analysis of the polymers. The Agilent E4980A Precision LCR Meter (United States) was used to determine the conductivity with polymer tablets of 0.5 cm diameter.

The absorption measurement was carried out by Agilent Cary 6000i UV/Vis/NIR. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed using an FEI Magellan 400 XHR microscope with a 5-kV accelerating voltage and 25 pA current. The conductivity of the SWNT/PDMS substrate was measured using a standard four-point probe method at room temperature. The resistance was obtained using an Agilent E4980A Precision LCR meter. The stretch property was obtained using the home-made stretchable station. PS cycling measurements were performed on a mechanized z axis stage (Newmark Systems, 0.1 mm resolution), and a force gauge (Mark 10) was used to apply loads to the 1-cm² pressure-sensitive pad on a custom-built probe station. The load values were recorded by a precision balance.