Toluene

TEOS, CTAB, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 3-(4,5-dimethylthoazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), carbamazepine, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade acetonitrile (ACN) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Ethanol, toluene, NaOH, hydrochloric acid (HCl, 36–38 v/v%), and formic acid (>99.0%) were purchased from Samchun Pure Chemical (Pyungtaek, Korea). Human breast cancer cell (MCF-7) line was obtained from Korean cell line bank (Seoul, Korea). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin–streptomycin, and trypsin–EDTA were purchased from Gibco^® BRL (Gaithersburg, MD, USA). DOX was provided as a gift from Korea United Pharm Inc. (Seoul, Korea).

The 4-methoxybenzoic acid, pyridine-2,6-dicarbaldehyde, phosphorous oxychloride, carbohydrazide, isocyanate and isothiocyanates, Hydrazine hydrate (80%), TEA, CS₂, KOH, sodium hydrogen carbonate, and glacial acetic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany. The chloride salts of the transition metals were obtained from Aldrich and Alfa Aesar. Ethanol, mEthanol, chloroform, deionized water, acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, n-hexane, toluene (Samchun Chemicals, Seoul, Korea), H₂SO₄, acetic acid, and HCl (Jin Chemical and Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Seoul, Korea) were used in this experiment. Urease from jack bean (EC 3.5.1.5), Thio-urea, sodium nitroprusside, and active chloride were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). Stock solutions of the reducing substrates were prepared in phosphate buffer (20 mM, pH 6.8).

Na₂S∙5H₂O and methyl alcohol were purchased from Daejung Chemicals (Siheung, Korea). 1,4-Dichlorobenzene was purchased from Kanto Chemicals (Tokyo, Japan). Sulfur (S₈, powder, 98.0%) and toluene (99.5%) were purchased from Samchun Chemicals (Seoul, Korea). Lithium chloride, sodium acetate, and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (anhydrous, 99.5%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. GO was obtained from Grapheneall Co., Ltd. (Hwaseong, Korea). The commercial PPS was provided by SK Chemical Co., Ltd. (Seoul, Korea).

Butyl acrylate (>99%), 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (>99%), ethyl acrylate (>99%), 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (>95%), acrylic acid (>99%), abietic acid (>80%), triethylamine (>99%), and 2-isocyanatoethyl methacrylate (>98%) were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry. Tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)methane triglycidyl ether (>95%) and dibutyltin dilaurate (95%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Korea Ltd. (Yongin, Korea). Toluene (99.5%), ethyl acetate (99.5%), and methyl ethyl ketone (99.5%) were purchased from Samchun Chemical (Pyeongtaek, Korea). Azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN, 98%) was purchased from Junsei Chemical (Tokyo, Japan). All chemicals were used as received without further purification. The epoxy crosslinker was used after dilution to a solid content of 5 wt% with Toluene. A 17-μm-thick graphite sheet was purchased from Tanyuan technology (Changzhou, China). A silicone-coated polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film and a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film were purchased from SKC (Seoul, Korea). A stainless steel (SS) plate was purchased from MMSTECH (Bucheon, Korea). The micro structure of the g-TC film was analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM, JSM 6380, JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) and a digital microscope (MXB-5000REZ, HIROX, Tokyo, Japan).

Ethylene glycol, ethanol, and toluene were purchased from Samchun Chemicals (Republic of Korea). Poly(styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene) (SEBS (H1041)) elastomer was obtained from Asahi Kasei (Japan). Silver nitrate, copper (II) chloride, poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP, M_w, ~ 40 k and ~ 1,300 k), 1-Propanethiol, and 3-Mercapto-1-propanol were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (USA).

2-(3,4-Epoxycyclohexyl)ethyltrimethoxysilane (ECTMS, 97%) was purchased from Gelest (Philadelphia, PA, USA). Tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH, 10 wt% in water) was purchased from TCI (Tokyo, Japan). Isopropyl alcohol (IPA, 99.9%), toluene, tetrahydrofuran (THF, 99.9%), chloroform (99.8%), and water were purchased from Samchun (Seoul, Korea). All organic solvents were HPLC grade. Potassium carbonate (PC, 99%) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Irgacure 250 (photoinitiator) was purchased from Shinyoung Rad Chem (Seoul, Korea).