Tannic acid

Manufactured by Electron Microscopy Sciences

Sourced in United States

Tannic acid is a natural polyphenolic compound commonly used in electron microscopy as a staining agent. It enhances the contrast and visibility of biological samples, particularly in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) applications.

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Lab products found in correlation

Uranyl acetate, by Electron Microscopy Sciences (9 mentions) Spurr s resin, by Electron Microscopy Sciences (7 mentions) Vt1200 vibratome, by Leica (5 mentions) Glutaraldehyde, by Electron Microscopy Sciences (4 mentions) Uranyl acetate, by Ted Pella (3 mentions) Jem 1400 electron microscope, by JEOL (3 mentions) Osmium tetroxide, by Electron Microscopy Sciences (3 mentions) Jem 1400, by JEOL (1 mentions) Osmium tetroxide, by Ted Pella (1 mentions) Thermanox, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Jsm 6390lv scanning electron microscope, by JEOL (1 mentions) Glycine, by Fujifilm (1 mentions) Polyethylene glycol, by Fujifilm (1 mentions) Tween 20, by Fujifilm (1 mentions) Nabh4, by Fujifilm (1 mentions) Osmium tetroxide, by TAAB (1 mentions) Jsm 7800f schottky field emission scanning electron microscope, by JEOL (1 mentions) Samdri 780 critical point dryer, by Tousimis (1 mentions) Uranyl acetate, by Leica (1 mentions) Eponate 12 resin, by Ted Pella (1 mentions)

Close spelling variants of this product

Low molecular weight tannic acid

14 protocols using tannic acid

Ultrastructural Analysis of Mouse and Frog Retinas

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For processing of longitudinal sections of mouse retinas, eyecups were dissected from fixed eyes, embedded in 2.5% low-melt agarose (Precisionary, Greenville, NC) and cut into 200-µm-thick slices on a Vibratome (VT1200S; Leica, Buffalo Grove, IL). Agarose sections were treated with 1% tannic acid (Electron Microscopy Sciences, Hartfield, PA) and 1% uranyl acetate (Electron Microscopy Sciences), gradually dehydrated with ethanol and infiltrated and embedded in Spurr’s resin (Electron Microscopy Sciences). For processing of tangential sections of mouse retinas, dissected retinas were treated with 1% tannic acid (Electron Microscopy Sciences) and 1% uranyl acetate (Electron Microscopy Sciences), gradually dehydrated with ethanol and infiltrated and embedded in Spurr’s resin (Electron Microscopy Sciences). For processing of frog samples, tadpoles were treated with 1% tannic acid (Electron Microscopy Sciences) and 1% uranyl acetate (Electron Microscopy Sciences), gradually dehydrated with ethanol and infiltrated and embedded in Spurr’s resin (Electron Microscopy Sciences).

Lewis T.R., Phan S., Castillo C.M., Kim K.Y., Coppenrath K., Thomas W., Hao Y., Skiba N.P., Horb M.E., Ellisman M.H, & Arshavsky V.Y. (2023). Photoreceptor disc incisures form as an adaptive mechanism ensuring the completion of disc enclosure. eLife, 12, e89160.

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Ultrastructural Tissue Processing for Rodent and Amphibian Retinas

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For processing of longitudinal sections of mouse retinas, eyecups were dissected from fixed eyes, embedded in 2.5% low-melt agarose (Precisionary, Greenville, NC) and cut into 200 µm thick slices on a Vibratome (VT1200S; Leica, Buffalo Grove, IL). Agarose sections were treated with 1% tannic acid (Electron Microscopy Sciences, Hartfield, PA) and 1% uranyl acetate (Electron Microscopy Sciences), gradually dehydrated with ethanol and infiltrated and embedded in Spurr’s resin (Electron Microscopy Sciences). For processing of tangential sections of mouse retinas, dissected retinas were treated with 1% tannic acid (Electron Microscopy Sciences) and 1% uranyl acetate (Electron Microscopy Sciences), gradually dehydrated with ethanol and infiltrated and embedded in Spurr’s resin (Electron Microscopy Sciences). For processing of frog samples, tadpoles were treated with 1% tannic acid (Electron Microscopy Sciences) and 1% uranyl acetate (Electron Microscopy Sciences), gradually dehydrated with ethanol and infiltrated and embedded in Spurr’s resin (Electron Microscopy Sciences).

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Ultrastructural Microscopy of Retinal Tissue

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Eyeballs were fixed via trans-cardial perfusion with 2% paraformaldehyde, 2% glutaraldehyde, and 0.05% calcium chloride in 50 mM MOPS, pH 7.4. Tissue processing was done according to a previously described procedure (Ding et al., 2015 (link)) as follows. Retinal vibratome sections were treated with 1% tannic acid (Electron Microscopy Sciences) and 1% uranyl acetate, dehydrated with graded ethanol, and infiltrated and embedded in Spurr’s resin. For the developmental study in Fig. 3, eyeballs were fixed by immersion into a solution containing 2% paraformaldehyde and 2% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer. Eyeballs were then treated with 2% osmium tetroxide, dehydrated, and embedded. For experiments with cell culture, cells were fixed in a solution containing 2% paraformaldehyde and 2% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer, treated with 2% osmium tetroxide, dehydrated, and embedded in Spurr’s resin. Thin sections of 60–80 nm were collected on copper grids, counterstained with uranyl acetate and Sato’s lead, and examined using an electron microscope (JEM-1400; JEOL) at 60 kV. Images were collected using a charge-coupled device camera (Orius; Gatan). The Feret diameter, which is the maximum diameter of an ovoid object, was measured using ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health).

Salinas R.Y., Pearring J.N., Ding J.D., Spencer W.J., Hao Y, & Arshavsky V.Y. (2017). Photoreceptor discs form through peripherin-dependent suppression of ciliary ectosome release. The Journal of Cell Biology, 216(5), 1489-1499.

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Mouse Eye Ultrastructure Visualization

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Fixation and processing of mouse eyes for TEM was performed as described previously (Ding et al., 2015 (link)). Anesthetized mice were transcardially perfused with 2% paraformaldehyde, 2% glutaraldehyde and 0.05% calcium chloride in 50 mM MOPS (pH 7.4) resulting in exsanguination. Enucleated eyes were fixed for an additional 2 h in the same fixation solution at room temperature. Eyecups were dissected from fixed eyes, embedded in 2.5% low-melt agarose (Precisionary, Greenville, NC, USA) and cut into 200 μm thick slices on a Vibratome (VT1200S; Leica, Buffalo Grove, IL, USA). Agarose sections were stained with 1% tannic acid (Electron Microscopy Sciences, Hatfield, PA, USA) and 1% uranyl acetate (Electron Microscopy Sciences), gradually dehydrated with ethanol and infiltrated and embedded in Spurr’s resin (Electron Microscopy Sciences). Seventy nanometer sections were cut, placed on copper grids and counterstained with 2% uranyl acetate and 3.5% lead citrate (19314; Ted Pella, Redding, CA, USA). The samples were imaged on a JEM-1400 electron microscope (JEOL, Peabody, MA, USA) at 60 kV with a digital camera (Orius; Gatan, Pleasanton, CA, USA). Image analysis and processing were performed with ImageJ. For each genotype, over 100 outer segments from at least two mice of randomized sex were analyzed.

Lewis T.R., Makia M.S., Kakakhel M., Al-Ubaidi M.R., Arshavsky V.Y, & Naash M.I. (2020). Photoreceptor Disc Enclosure Occurs in the Absence of Normal Peripherin-2/rds Oligomerization. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, 14, 92.

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Scanning Electron Microscopy of LSECs

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LSECs cultured on fibronectin-coated Thermanox® plastic coverslips (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Rochester, NY) were fixed with 2% glutaraldehyde (Electron Microscopy Sciences, Hatfield, PA), treated with 1% tannic acid (Electron Microscopy Sciences) and postfixed in 1% osmium tetroxide (Ted Pella, Redding, CA). After sequential dehydration with graded alcohols, samples were dried with hexamethyldisilazane (Ted Pella), sputter-coated with 10-nm gold, and examined via a JSM-6390LV scanning electron microscope (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan).
Fifteen random LSEC pictures per experiment were analyzed. Porosity was determined by Image J software (version 1.51r; NIH, USA). Total LSEC surface area and the open fenestrated areas were measured, and the porosity was calculated as percent of open area.

Maretti-Mira A.C., Wang X., Wang L, & DeLeve L.D. (2019). Incomplete differentiation of engrafted bone marrow endothelial progenitor cells initiates hepatic fibrosis in the rat. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 69(3), 1259-1272.

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Cytoskeletal Structure Analysis

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Glutaraldehyde and tannic acid were purchased from Electron Microscopy Sciences (Hatfield, PA); osmium tetroxide from TAAB (Berks, England); and glycine, polyethylene glycol, Tween 20, and NaBH₄ from Wako (Osaka, Japan).

Yamada Y., Konno H, & Shimabukuro K. (2017). Demonstration of correlative atomic force and transmission electron microscopy using actin cytoskeleton. Biophysics and Physicobiology, 14, 111-117.

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Ultrastructural Analysis of HUVEC Constructs

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HUVEC-laden constructs were fixed for 1 h in 4 wt% PFA and then 1 h in 2.5 wt% glutaraldehyde (Electron Microscopy Sciences) buffered with 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer, pH 7.4. washed with 0.1 M cacodylate buffer and then post-fixed in 2 wt% osmium tetroxide (Electron Microscopy Sciences) for 1 h. The samples were then stained with 1 wt% tannic acid for 1 h and 1 wt% uranyl acetate (Electron Microscopy Sciences) for 2.5 h, followed by dehydration through ascending grades of ethanol (70, 90, 100%) and embedding into epoxy resin. 60 nm films were sectioned and transferred onto 200 mesh Cu grids. 5 nm carbon was coated on the sections to improve conductivity, before imaging using a TITAN 80/300 TEM/STEM with an accelerating voltage at 80 kV.

Ouyang L., Armstrong J.P., Chen Q., Lin Y, & Stevens M.M. (2019). Void-free 3D Bioprinting for In-situ Endothelialization and Microfluidic Perfusion. Advanced functional materials, 30(1), 1908349.

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Preparation of Tissue Samples for SEM

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To prepare samples for SEM, dissected tissue was fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde, 0.1 M sodium cacodylate (Electron Microscopy Sciences, Cat.# 16537–15) supplemented with 2 mM CaCl₂ for 4 h at room temperature or 16–18 h at 4°C. To reduce surface charging, the tissue was incubated in 2% each of arginine, glutamine, glycine, and sucrose in water for 16–18 h, then in 2% tannic acid (Electron Microscopy Sciences, Cat.# 21710) and guanidine hydrochloride in water for 2 h, followed by incubation in 1% OsO₄ (Electron Microscopy Sciences, Cat.# 19152) in water for 1 h. Samples were washed three times with water in between solutions. The samples were afterward gradually transitioned to 100% ethanol, then transitioned to CO₂ and desiccated using a Samdri-780 critical point dryer (Tousimis Research Corporation). Samples were sputter coated with gold before imaging with a JEOL JSM-7800F Schottky field emission scanning electron microscope (JEOL). Widths of stereocilia were measured at the widest region along the length of the stereocilium using ImageJ software. Tips of row 3 inner hair cell stereocilia were pseudo-colored yellow using Adobe Photoshop software

McGrath J., Tung C.Y., Liao X., Belyantseva I.A., Roy P., Chakraborty O., Li J., Berbari N.F., Faaborg-Anderson C., Barzik M., Bird J.E., Zhao B., Balakrishnan L., Friedman T.B, & Perrin B.J. (2021). Actin at stereocilia tips is regulated by mechanotransduction and ADF/cofilin. Current biology : CB, 31(6), 1141-1153.e7.

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Ultrastructural Analysis of Drosophila Nerves

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To perform ultrastructural analysis of fly peripheral nerves, larvae were dissected in Ca²⁺-free HL3.1 solution and fixed in 2% paraformaldehyde/2.5% glutaraldehyde (Polysciences) in 0.1 M PBS (pH 7.2) at 4°C overnight. On the following day, samples were washed with PBS and post-fixed in 0.5% osmium tetroxide (Polysciences)/0.08% potassium ferricyanide (Electron Microscopy Sciences) in 0.1 M PBS for 60 min, and then in 1% tannic acid (Electron Microscopy Sciences) in 0.1 M PBS for 60 min at room temperature. Subsequently, samples were washed extensively with distilled water before en bloc staining with 1% aqueous uranyl acetate (Ted Pella) for 60 min. After several rinses with water, samples were dehydrated in a graded series of ethanol and embedded in Eponate 12 resin (Ted Pella). Samples were then cut into 100-nm sections using a Leica Ultracut T ultramicrotome (Leica Microsystems), and stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. Electron micrographs were taken on a Hitachi H-7500 transmission electron microscope. Non-consecutive sections from different nerves of four independent larvae were examined for each genotype.

Li H., Russo A, & DiAntonio A. (2019). SIK3 suppresses neuronal hyperexcitability by regulating the glial capacity to buffer K+ and water. The Journal of Cell Biology, 218(12), 4017-4029.

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Electron Microscopy of Mouse Eye Tissues

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Fixation and processing of eyes for TEM was performed following previously published protocols [52 (link)]. In short, anesthetized mice were transcardially perfused with 2% paraformaldehyde, 2% glutaraldehyde, and 0.05% calcium chloride in 50 mM MOPS (pH 7.4). Enucleated eyes were post-fixed for 2 h in the same fixative. Eyecups were dissected, embedded in 2.5% low-melt agarose (Precisionary, Greenville, NC) and sectioned on a Vibratome (VT1200S; Leica, Buffalo Grove, IL). Agarose sections were stained with 1% tannic acid (Electron Microscopy Sciences, Hatfield, PA) and 1% uranyl acetate (Electron Microscopy Sciences), gradually dehydrated with ethanol, and infiltrated and embedded in Spurr’s resin (Electron Microscopy Sciences). 70 nm sections were cut onto copper grids and counterstained with 2% uranyl acetate and 3.5% lead citrate (19 314; Ted Pella, Redding, CA). Samples were imaged on a JEM-1400 electron microscope (JEOL, Peabody, MA) at 60 kV with a digital camera (BioSprint; AMT, Woburn, MA). Image analysis and processing was performed with ImageJ.

Williams B.N., Draper A., Lang P.F., Lewis T.R., Smith A.L., Mayerl S.J., Rougié M., Simon J.M., Arshavsky V.Y., Greenwald S.H., Gamm D.M., Pinilla I, & Philpot B.D. (2023). Heterogeneity in the progression of retinal pathologies in mice harboring patient mimicking Impg2 mutations. Human Molecular Genetics, 33(5), 448-464.

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