Ethanol ch3ch2oh

Cynara cardunculus, commonly known as artichoke, was collected from a local market in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Silver nitrate (AgNO₃, ≥99.0%) and ethanol (CH₃CH₂OH, 95.0%) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA. All the chemicals used in this study were of analytical grade and were used without additional treatment. Highly pure double-distilled water (DDW) was utilized for the preparation of silver precursor and Cynara cardunculus solution.

Oleylamine, OA (technical grade 70%), triisopropylsilane, TIPS (98%), hexane (CH₃(CH₂)₄CH₃, anhydrous, 95%) and ethanol (CH₃CH₂OH, absolute, ≥ 99.8%) were purchased from Merck Sigma-Aldrich, United Kingdom. All the chemicals were used without further purification.
Commercial AuNWs (dispersion in H₂O, contains cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, CTAB as a stabiliser) used was purchased from Merck Sigma-Aldrich, United Kingdom. The AuNWs is specified to have an average diameter size and length of 30 nm and 4.5 µm, respectively, with a concentration of $\ge$  50 µg/mL. Nonetheless, the size and length observed under the FESEM are in micrometer size range.

The substances used for the three synthesis reactions were: capsaicin, CU, RV, OA, LNA (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MI, USA, VWR Chemical Prolabo and Alfa Aesar, Haverhill, MA, USA), dicyclohexycarbodiimide (DCC), 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) (FlukaChemika-Biochemika, Buchs, Switzerland, CH), distilled water, sodium taurocholate hydrate (salt), butane-1-ol, tween-20, butyroxytoluene (BHT), hydrochloric acid (HCL), tertiary-butyl alcohol, tertiary-butyl alcohol (TBA), trichloroacetic acid (TCA) (Sigma Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA). The solvents used were: tetrahydrofuran (THF), chloroform, methanol (CH₃OH), ethanol (CH₃CH₂OH) (Sigma Aldrich, VWR Chemical Prolabo and Alfa Aesar).

All chemical substances utilised in the experiment were of analytical grade and used as received without further purification. Chemicals such as ammonium molybdate tetrahydrate ((NH₄)6Mo₇O₂₄.4H₂O) (Fisher Chemicals- Chicago, USA), thiourea (SC(NH₂)₂) (R&M Chemicals- Dundee, UK) and ethanol (CH₃CH₂OH) (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) were used for MoS₂ nanoparticle synthesis. The lubricant oil used was diesel engine oil with API SAE 20W50 CD/SE GL-4.

Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB, Mw= 364.45 g/mol), sodium hydroxide (NaOH, Mw = 39.997 g/mol), and Tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS), used for the synthesis of hierarchical nano-rough SiO₂-NPs, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrih, Hamburg, Germony. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS, Sylgard 184, viscosity 5100 cp), containing prepolymer and crosslinker, was acquired from the Dow Corning Corporation, Midland Texas USA, to functionalize SiO₂-NPs. Pellets of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) of the grade Elastollan^® 1185A (Mw = 75,000 g/mol) were obtained from BASF in Germany. The TPU pellets had a specific gravity of 1.12 g/cm³, a glass transition temperature of −38 °C, and a melt flow index of 10–20 g/10 min (measured at 190 °C with a load of 8.7 kg). N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) (Mw = 73.09 g/mol, density = 0.994 g/cc, purity 99%), sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (Mw = 39.997 g/mol, density = 2.13 g/cm³, purity ≥ 99.99%), ethanol (CH₃CH₂OH) (density = 0.789 g/mL, purity 99.8%), xylene, toluene, and n-hexane were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. All chemicals for the electrospinning of fibers and electrospraying of nanoparticles were used without purification.