Disodium hydrogen phosphate

GUR1020 und GUR1050 were obtained from Ticona/Celanese (Dallas, USA). Alendronate (AL) sodium, o-Phtadialdehyde (OPA), 2-Mercaptoethanol (2ME) and Tetrabutylammoniumperchlorate (TBA) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Darmstadt, Germany). Sodium hydrogen phosphate, di-Sodium hydrogen phosphate and Acetonitril (ACN) were from Carl Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany). All these chemicals met HLPC standards.

Luria-Bertani broth (LB) and LB agar were purchased from Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany). The 5×M9-minimal salt contained di-sodium hydrogen phosphate (33.9 g/L; Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany), potassium-dihydrogen phosphate (15 g/L; Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), sodium chloride (2.5 g/L; Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) and ammonium-chloride (5 g/L; Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). This M9-salt was diluted 1:5 and supplemented with magnesium sulfate (1 mM, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), calcium chloride (0.1 mM; Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), glucose (0.4%, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), thiamin-hydrochloride (10 µg/mL, Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany) and nicotinic acid (0.0025%, Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany). We bought McCoy and RPMI-1640 from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) and FBS from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Human urine was donated by healthy individuals. The urine was filtered (0.2 µm pore size) and used at the day of donation. Potassium chloride came from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), potassium sulfate from Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany). Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetat was bought from PromoCell (Heidelberg, Germany). We purchased E. coli LPS K235 from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), kanamycin, ampicillin and gentamycin from AppliChem (Darmstadt, Germany) and chloramphenicol from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).

UPLC/MS grade water, methanol and formic acid (>99.98%) were purchased from Biosolve Chimie, Dieuze, France; deuterium (99.8% D), dithiotreitol (98%), (E)-2-hexenal (98%), 2-hexyn-1-ol (≥97%), Boc-Cys-OH (≥98.5%), (Boc-Cys-OH)₂ (≥98%), ethanol-OD (≥99%), hydrochloric acid (37%), L-glutathione reduced (98%), Lindlar catalyst, manganese(IV) oxide (≥99%), mesityl oxide (≥90%), mesityl oxide d₁₀ (>98% D), triethylamine (≥99%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, St Quentin Fallavier, France, and H-Cys-Gly-OH (98%), H-Glu(Cys-OH)-OH (98%)from Bachem, Bubendorf, Suisse; triethylsilane (≥98%) was obtained from TCI Europe, Zwijndrecht, Belgium; while di-sodium hydrogen phosphate (≥99%), sodium carbonate (≥99%), sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate (≥99%)and trifluoroacetic acid (≥99.9%) were purchased from Carl Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany.

Iron (III) chloride hexa-hydrate (99%) and iron (II) chloride tetra-hydrate (99%) were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Ammonia (NH₃, 25%), sodium citrate (99%), potassium bromide (KBr) (spectroscopy grade), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, 99.5%), L-cysteine (98%), disodium hydrogen phosphate (99%) and Ellman′s reagent (98%) were purchased from Carl Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany). Chloroauric acid (HAuCl₄, 99.9%), propidium iodide (PI, 94%) and Lucifer Yellow CH dipotassium salt (LY) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Taufkirchen, Germany). RPMI 1640 medium, GlutaMAX supplement, Hoechst 33342 (Hoe), Annexin A5 fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) conjugate (AxV) and DiIC₁(5) (1,1′-dimethyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindodicarbocyanine iodide, DiI) were purchased from Thermo Fisher (Waltham, MA, USA). Fetal calf serum (FCS) was purchased from Biochrom (Berlin, Germany). T cell leukemia cells Jurkat (ACC 282) were purchased from DSMZ (German collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany). Ringer′s solution was purchased from Fresenius Kabi (Bad Homburg, Germany). Deionized water was produced using a Merck Milli-Q purification system. All reagents were used without further purification.

Non-essential amino acids (NEA), Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM) and DMEM without phenol red were purchased from Biochrom GmbH, Berlin, Germany. Bovine serum albumin (BSA), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethanol, hydrochloric acid, urea, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES), potassium chloride, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride and sodium hydrogen carbonate were obtained from Carl Roth GmbH & Co. KG, Karlsruhe, Germany. Alcian blue, Triton X-100, 4′6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FITC-dextran), porcine bile, magnesium chloride, porcine mucin, pancreatin, penicillin/streptomycin, pepsin, trypsin, trypsin/ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), calcium chloride and α-amylase came from Sigma–Aldrich GmbH, Germany. Chloroform and acetic acid were from Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA. Foetal bovine serum (FBS) was purchased from PAN-Biotech GmbH, Aidenbach, Germany. Annexin V was obtained from Beckman Coulter Corp., Brea, CA, USA. Ethylene glycol-bis (β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) came from AppliChem GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany. Whole milk powder was purchased from J.M. Gabler-Saliter Milchwerk GmbH & Co. KG, Obergünzburg, Germany.