Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses were performed using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC 2910, TA Instruments, USA). For DSC measurements, a scan rate of 10 °C/min was used at a temperature range of 0–250 °C, under nitrogen purge (50 mL/min). Lyophilized NLC were obtained using a freeze-drier (E-C Apparatus, USA) connected to an E2M18 vacuum pump (BOC Edwards, United Kingdom), after rapid freezing of the NLC preparation into liquid nitrogen. The samples were lyophilized for 24 h at a temperature of −45 °C. After freeze-drying, the lyophilized samples were placed directly in aluminum pans for DSC analyses. The ion pairing ATRA-BNT was prepared separately according to the following protocol: briefly, ATRA and BNT (molar ratio 1:1) were solubilized with a freshly prepared solution of methanol and chloroform (1:1). The reactional mixture was kept under agitation for 6 hours at room temperature and protected from light exposure. Then, solvents were evaporated in a rotary evaporator (R-215, Büchi, Switzerland) utilizing a vacuum pump (V-700, Büchi, Switzerland) and heating bath (B-491, Büchi, Switzerland) at 45 °C. The residue was collected and stored at – 20 °C prior to analysis.
B 491
Manufactured by Büchi
Sourced in Switzerland
The B-491 is a laboratory rotary evaporator designed for the efficient evaporation and concentration of solvents. It features a built-in heating bath, adjustable rotation speed, and digital display for monitoring temperature and pressure.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
V 700, by Büchi (2 mentions)
Dsc 2910, by TA Instruments (1 mentions)
R 215, by Büchi (1 mentions)
Avance 3 500 mhz spectrometer, by Bruker (1 mentions)
Silica gel, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Lc solution, by Shimadzu (1 mentions)
V 850, by Büchi (1 mentions)
Spd 20a, by Shimadzu (1 mentions)
Lh 20, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Cbm 20a, by Shimadzu (1 mentions)
R 200, by Büchi (1 mentions)
Uflc system, by Shimadzu (1 mentions)
Lc 6a system, by Shimadzu (1 mentions)
Frc 10a, by Shimadzu (1 mentions)
Linoleic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Chloroform, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Tween 40, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Chloroform, by Büchi (1 mentions)
Rotavapor r 114, by Büchi (1 mentions)
Hexane, by Avantor (1 mentions)
5 protocols using b 491
1
Differential Scanning Calorimetry of NLC
2
Isolation and Structural Elucidation of Natural Compounds
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A rotary evaporator, R-200 (Büchi, Flawil, Switzerland), a vacuum pump V-700 (Büchi), a vacuum controller V-850 (Büchi), and a heating bath B-491 (Büchi) were used for evaporating solvents from crude extract and subsequent fractions. Various chromatographic techniques were used for separating fractions and isolating compounds, for example, a Sephadex LH-20 (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA), 270 × 45 mm glass chromatographic column, silica gel (60 Å pore size, Merck, Germany), and rotating disc chromatography (RDC) (1 mm). Further separations and isolation of compounds were performed by HPLC, consisting of a two-pumps LC-8A unit (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan), by using Activon Gold pack normal phase (NP)-semi-preparative (25 × 1 cm, silica) HPLC columns on a Shimadzu LC-6A system and reverse phase (RP) analytical HPLC column (250 × 4.60 mm, 3 µ, C18) on Shimadzu UFLC system with a UV/VIS detector SPD-20A (Shimadzu), a communication bus module CBM-20A (Shimadzu), fraction collector FRC-10A (Shimadzu), software LC Solution (Shimadzu). For identifying the structures of compounds, NMR data (both one- and two- dimensional spectra) were obtained on a Brüker Avance III 500 MHz spectrometer.
3
Isolation of Non-Volatile Mandarin CPEO
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The non-volatile fraction of mandarin CPEO was separated through the exclusive evaporation of the volatile fraction. This was achieved under mild conditions (low temperature and reduced pressure), developed in terms of this endeavor. More specifically, 100 g of CPEO was placed into a Büchi Rotary Evaporator (model R-210, with a vacuum controller V-850, vacuum pump V-700, and heating bath B-491 (Flawil, Switzerland). and 100 mL of isopropanol was added. The alcohol forms an azeotropic mixture with D-limonene [75 ], the prevailing component of volatiles (>90%). Thus, a large proportion of volatiles is evaporated. Subsequently, additional amounts of isopropanol were added, and the evaporation was continued until the full removal of all volatiles and the separation of the non-volatiles fraction in the form of a slurry were achieved. The method was also applied on a pilot scale using a 25 L capacity rotary evaporator of COMECTA, Model COM-1020 (Barcelona, Spain) for the evaporation of the volatile fraction of 4 kg mandarin CPEO.
4
β-Carotene Bleaching Assay Protocol
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The β-carotene bleaching assay was carried out in accordance with Miller’s specifications [55 (link)] and improved by Andrade et al. [54 (link)]. First, a solution of 2 mg/mL of β-carotene in chloroform (Sigma-Aldrich) was prepared. Then, 1 mL of the β-carotene solution was mixed with 20 mg of linoleic acid (Sigma-Aldrich) and 200 mg of Tween® 40 (Sigma-Aldrich) to prepare an emulsion. The chloroform was evaporated at 40 °C in a rotatory evaporator (Büchi Rotavapor R-114). Then, 50 mL of ultra-pure water was added, and the solution was vigorously shaken. Lastly, 5 mL of the β-carotene emulsion was added to 200 µL of each sample. The samples were kept in a heating bath (Büchi B-491) at 50 °C for 120 min. Afterwards, the absorbance of the samples was measured at 470 nm. For control samples, 200 µL of the solvent used in the extraction process was used, and the absorbance was measured before and after the 120 min. The antioxidant activity coefficient (AAC) was calculated by Equation (6).
where As120 is the sample’s absorbance at 120 min, Ac120 is the control’s absorbance at 120 min, and Ac0 is the control’s absorbance at 0 min.
where As120 is the sample’s absorbance at 120 min, Ac120 is the control’s absorbance at 120 min, and Ac0 is the control’s absorbance at 0 min.
5
Lipid Extraction from Gluten-Free Muffins
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Lipid fractions from all gluten-free muffins, i.e., those containing shortening or oleogels with candelilla wax, beeswax white, yellow or sunflower wax, were extracted at room temperature (20 ± 2 °C) with hexane (Avantor Performance Materials, Gliwice, Poland), which was then distilled in a BÜCHI laboratory evaporator B—491 (BÜCHI Labortechnik AG, Flawil, Switzerland) at a constant temperature of 60 °C. The chemical analyses were performed in triplicate.
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