Dichloromethane was obtained from Avantor Performance Materials Poland S.A. company (purity 99.8%). The standard substances (linalool, linalyl acetate, lavandulyl acetate, (-)-bornyl acetate, (-)-trans-caryophyllene, and geraniol) had a purity of 93.0 to 99.3% and were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Sp. Z o.o. (Poznan, Poland). Two lavender oils were analyzed: the first one was our in-house preparation, developed at the Cracow University of Technology (LO-SM), and the second was commercially available lavender oil (LO-C).
Bornyl acetate
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States
Bornyl acetate is a colorless, crystalline solid organic compound. It is used as a chemical building block and intermediate in the synthesis of various pharmaceutical and agricultural products.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
α pinene, by Merck Group (8 mentions)
β pinene, by Merck Group (7 mentions)
P cymene, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Camphene, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Limonene, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Linalool, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
γ terpinene, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
β caryophyllene, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Myrcene, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Caryophyllene oxide, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
α phellandrene, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Geraniol, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Borneol, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Camphor, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
α terpineol, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Carvacrol, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
α terpinene, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
β myrcene, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Terpinolene, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Linalyl acetate, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
12 protocols using bornyl acetate
1
Analysis of Lavender Oil Composition
2
Catnip Oil Extraction and Purification
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Catnip (Nepeta cataria) essential oil was purchased from New Direction Aromatics (Mississauga, ON, Canada). Ethyl alcohol anhydrous (EtOH) was purchased from Commercial Alcohols (Greenfield Global, Brampton, ON, Canada). β-cyclodextrin, hexanes, DEET (N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide), and (−)-bornyl acetate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Oakville (ON), Canada).
3
GC Analysis of Essential Oil Compounds
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The standard compounds used for the GC analysis were thymol, trans-anethol, (+)-borneol, (−)-borneol, α-terpineol, L-carvone, (R)-(+)-limonene, eucalyptol, farnesol, neryl acetate, (±)-citronellal, citral, γ-terpinene, nerol, α-pinene, p-cymene, (−)-trans-caryophyllene, geraniol, geranyl acetate, carvacrol, eugenol, sabinene hydrate, bornyl acetate, linalyl acetate, myrcene and (±)-camphor and were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). In addition, 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH∙) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich GmbH (Germany). All chemicals and solvents were analytical reagent grade.
4
Oxacillin and MTT Bioassay Protocol
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Oxacillin (86.3%, Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) number: 7240-38-2) and thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT, 98%, CAS: 298-93-1) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Prague, Czech Republic), whereas dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO, CAS: 67-68-5) and n-hexane (CAS: 110-54-3) were obtained from Penta (Prague, Czech Republic). Methyl octanoate (≥99.8%, CAS: 111-11-5) and other standards (3-carene (99%, CAS: 498-15-7), borneol (97%, CAS: 464-45-9), bornyl acetate (95%, CAS: 5655-61-8), camphene (97.5%, CAS: 79-92-5), camphor (98%, CAS: 464-49-3), carvacrol (97%, CAS: 499-75-2), caryophyllene oxide (99%, CAS: 1139-30-6), linalool (97%, CAS: 78-70-6), p-cymene (99%, CAS: 99-87-6), thymol (99%, CAS: 89-83-8), α-pinene (≥99%, CAS: 7785-70-8), α-terpinene (85%, CAS: 99-86-5), β-caryophyllene (98.5%, CAS: 87-44-5), β-pinene (≥99.0%, CAS: 18172-67-3), and γ-terpinene (97%, CAS: 99-85-4)) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Prague, Czech Republic.
5
Cell Culture Reagents and Analysis
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Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin-streptomycin, and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for cell culture were purchased from Gibco-BRL (Grand Island, NY, USA). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT), Griess reagent, sodium nitrite solution, the 19 selected volatile compound standards (α-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, sabinene, 3-carene, β-myrcene, α-phellandrene, α-terpinene, limonene, p-cymene, terpinolene, 2-nonanone, acetic acid, citronellal, bornyl acetate, thujopsene, β-chamigrene, (-)-β-bisabolene, and nerolidol) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). In addition, 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA) was obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Carlsbad, CA, USA). Antibodies against iNOS, p65, phospho-p65 (p-p65), and β-actin were obtained from Santa-Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, TX, USA). Materials for western blot were obtained from Bio-Rad (Hercules, CA, USA), and all other reagents and chemicals used were of analytical grade.
6
Assessing Essential Oil Effects on Rumen Fermentation
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In trial 1, the effects of 11 ACEO (eugenol [99% purity], carvacrol [98% purity], citral [95% purity], limonene [96% purity], 1,4-cineole [85% purity], γ-terpinene [97% purity], p-cymene [99% purity], linalool [97% purity], bornyl acetate [95% purity], α-pinene [98% purity], and β-pinene [99% purity]), which were provided by Sigma-Aldrich Chemical (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), on rumen fermentation and methane production were evaluated using an in vitro batch fermentation system. The compounds (1,000 μL/L) were added directly to the incubation bottles, no solvent was used.
In trial 1, 108 serum bottles (12 treatments×3 cows×3 replications) were used. In trial 2, the effects of two concentrations (500 and 2,000 μL/L) of bornyl acetate, the most promising ACEO from trial 1, were evaluated using the same in vitro incubation method as in the first trial. In trial 2, monensin (10 mg/L; M5273, Sigma-Aldrich Chemical, USA) was used as a positive control. monensin (15 mg) was dissolved in 1.5 mL of ethanol, and 0.15 mL of stock solution was added to the bottle to achieve a final concentration of 10 mg/L of culture fluid. In trial 2, 36 serum bottles (4 treatments×3 cows×3 replications) were used. In both trials, controls were included in parallel that contained neither ACEO nor monensin.
In trial 1, 108 serum bottles (12 treatments×3 cows×3 replications) were used. In trial 2, the effects of two concentrations (500 and 2,000 μL/L) of bornyl acetate, the most promising ACEO from trial 1, were evaluated using the same in vitro incubation method as in the first trial. In trial 2, monensin (10 mg/L; M5273, Sigma-Aldrich Chemical, USA) was used as a positive control. monensin (15 mg) was dissolved in 1.5 mL of ethanol, and 0.15 mL of stock solution was added to the bottle to achieve a final concentration of 10 mg/L of culture fluid. In trial 2, 36 serum bottles (4 treatments×3 cows×3 replications) were used. In both trials, controls were included in parallel that contained neither ACEO nor monensin.
7
Phytochemical Characterization of Extracts
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Reagent grade solvents used for extraction and chromatographic separation on TLC plates were purchased from Avantor Performance Materials (POCH, Gliwice, Poland). The reagents for acetylcholinesterase inhibitory tests were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), namely: acetylcholineterase (AChE) from Electrophorus electricus (liophylized powder type VI-S, 200-600 units per 1 mg of protein), Fast Blue B Salt, bovine serum and 2-naphtyl acetate. Similarly, the reference compounds (bornyl acetate and 1,8-cineole with a purity exceeding 95%) used for the quantitative determination of volatile constituents of the extracts were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. TLC silica-gel-covered aluminium plates (NP, F254) were provided by Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Spectrometry-grade solvents for LC-MS analysis of TLC spots (acetonitrile, water, and formic acid) were manufactured by J.T. Baker (Gross-Gerau, Germany).
8
Comprehensive Analysis of Plant Compounds
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The synthetic standards including (1R)-(+)-α-pinene, (-)-β-pinene, β-myrcene, (S)-(-)-limonene, linalool, octanal, nonanal, decanal, benzaldehyde, butylated hydroxytoluene, methyl benzoate, (-)-bornyl acetate, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, geranyl acetone, decanoic acid, undecanoic acid, dodecanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, myristoleic acid, palmitoleic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, (+)-longifolene, caryophyllene oxide, (E)–β-caryophyllene, undecane, dodecane, pentadecane, hexadecane and quercetin were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (>98% purity).
9
GC-MS-FID Analysis of P. heldreichii EO
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The isolated EO from all P. heldreichii samples were analyzed via gas chromatography with simultaneous mass spectrometry and flame ionization detection (GC-MS-FID) by dissolving 50 μL of EO into a 10 mL volumetric flask and brought to volume in CHCl3. GC-MS-FID conditions were as previously reported [30 (link)]. Post-column splitting was performed (50 % FID/50 % MS) and all compounds were identified by Kovat and/or Retention Index analysis [34 ], direct comparison of MS data and analyte retention time to that of authentic standards and comparison of mass spectra with those reported in the NIST mass spectral database. Commercial standards of α-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, β-myrcene, α-phellandrene, limonene, bornyl acetate, and β-caryophyllene were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Germacrene D was confirmed using Adams library and Kovat and/or Retention Index analysis [34 ]. Compounds quantified by performing area percentage calculations based on the total combined FID area.
10
Synthetic Blackcurrant Juice Composition
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Hexanal, nonanal, undecane,
α-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, myrcene, α-phellandrene,
δ-3-carene, α-terpinene, p-cymene, limonene, cis-β-ocimene, trans-β-ocimene,
γ-terpinene, terpinolene, eucalyptol, terpinen-4-ol, bornyl
acetate, terpinyl acetate, β-caryophyllene, n-nonane, neryl acetate, and a homologous series of n-alkanes (C9–C30) of analytical purity were purchased from
Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Glucose, fructose, and sucrose were
obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), citric acid was obtained
from J.T. Baker (Deventer, The Netherlands), and pectin was obtained
from Herbstreith & Fox KG (Neuenburg, Germany). Sodium chloride
(99% purity) was from Sigma-Aldrich. Methanol and acetone (HPLC grade)
were purchased from J.T. Baker. The aforementioned sugars, organic
acids, and pectin were employed to prepare a synthetic blackcurrant
juice containing no volatiles following the composition detailed in Food Composition and Nutrition Tables.25
α-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, myrcene, α-phellandrene,
δ-3-carene, α-terpinene, p-cymene, limonene, cis-β-ocimene, trans-β-ocimene,
γ-terpinene, terpinolene, eucalyptol, terpinen-4-ol, bornyl
acetate, terpinyl acetate, β-caryophyllene, n-nonane, neryl acetate, and a homologous series of n-alkanes (C9–C30) of analytical purity were purchased from
Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Glucose, fructose, and sucrose were
obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), citric acid was obtained
from J.T. Baker (Deventer, The Netherlands), and pectin was obtained
from Herbstreith & Fox KG (Neuenburg, Germany). Sodium chloride
(99% purity) was from Sigma-Aldrich. Methanol and acetone (HPLC grade)
were purchased from J.T. Baker. The aforementioned sugars, organic
acids, and pectin were employed to prepare a synthetic blackcurrant
juice containing no volatiles following the composition detailed in Food Composition and Nutrition Tables.25
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