Sodium pentobarbital

Manufactured by Performance Health

Sourced in United States

Sodium pentobarbital is a barbiturate drug used as a sedative and hypnotic. It acts as a central nervous system depressant. The primary function of sodium pentobarbital is to induce and maintain a state of unconsciousness or sleep.

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Lab products found in correlation

Isopentane, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Phosphate buffered saline (pbs), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Euthasol, by Performance Health (1 mentions) Hemocytometer, by Hausser Scientific (1 mentions)

4 protocols using sodium pentobarbital

Tissue Extraction for qPCR Analysis

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Animals were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (Patterson Veterinary, MA; 100 mg/kg, IP) and perfused with ice cold PBS (0.1 M, Fisher, PA) in order to clear peripheral biomolecules from the brain. After perfusion, brains were rapidly extracted and flash frozen with isopentane (Sigma-Aldrich, MI). Brains were stored at −80˚C until brain region sectioning. Brains were sectioned on a cryostat (−20˚C) up to a predetermined bregma for each region of interest (ROI) according to³⁹. Then, a micropunch tool was used to remove tissue specific to each brain region as illustrated in Table 1. Some ROIs were separated by left and right hemispheres, and all qPCR experiments used the right hemisphere when separated. Brain regions that were not bisected by left and right hemisphere used the entire tissue section for qPCR experiments. A complete list of all tissue excision specifications can be found for all ROIs in Table 1. Brain sections were stored at −80˚C until qPCR analysis.

Tyler R.E., Weinberg B., Lovelock D., Ornelas L, & Besheer J. (2020). Exposure to the predator odor TMT induces early and late differential gene expression related to stress and excitatory synaptic function throughout the brain in male rats. Genes, brain, and behavior, 19(8), e12684.

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Cynomolgus Macaque Dissection and Pathology

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Cynomolgus macaques ranged from 2–9 years of age and included both male and female animals. Prior to use, the macaques were verified to be serologically negative for alphaviruses as well as Herpes B Virus, simian immunodeficiency virus, simian T-cell leukemia virus, and simian retrovirus. Macaques were implanted with telemetry devices as described below. As needed, macaques were sedated for phlebotomy with 10mg/kg ketamine administered via intramuscular injection using a safety needle and blood collected from the femoral or saphenous vein. For euthanasia, macaques were sedated with 20mg/kg ketamine followed by injection of sodium nitroprusside mixed with 12 ml of NaCl, followed by 200 mg/kg of sodium pentobarbital (Patterson Veterinary). Once euthanasia was confirmed via cessation of heart beat, macaques were perfused via the left ventricle with saline. Tissues were inactivated in 10% neutral buffered formalin. Paraffin-embedded tissues were cut, mounted on slides, and stained with H&E for pathology interpretation.

Ma H., Albe J.R., Gilliland T., McMillen C.M., Gardner C.L., Boyles D.A., Cottle E.L., Dunn M.D., Lundy J.D., Salama N., O’Malley K.J., Pandrea I., Teichert T., Barrick S., Klimstra W.B., Hartman A.L, & Reed D.S. (2022). Long-term persistence of viral RNA and inflammation in the CNS of macaques exposed to aerosolized Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. PLoS Pathogens, 18(6), e1009946.

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c-Fos Expression in Punished Rats

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For the c-Fos experiment, control rats underwent the same initial IntA self-administration paradigm as punished rats. However, during the punishment sessions, control rats continued IntA self-administration in the absence of footshock punishments. Thirty minutes after the last self-administration session, rats were deeply anesthetized with Euthasol (2 ml/kg ip; 3.9 mg/ml pentobarbital sodium and 0.5 mg/ml phenytoin sodium; Patterson Veterinary) and transcardially perfused with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; pH = 7.4) followed by paraformaldehyde (PFA; 4% in PBS). Brains were extracted, fixed overnight in 4% PFA, post-fixed for >48 h in sucrose (30% in PBS), and sectioned (50 µm) with a vibrating microtome.

Reich N.C, & Pfeffer L.M. (1990). Evidence for involvement of protein kinase C in the cellular response to interferon alpha.. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 87(22), 8761-8765.

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Murine Airway Lavage and Cell Counting

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Mice were euthanized with 100 mg/kg i.p. pentobarbital sodium (Patterson Veterinary, Blythewood, SC, USA) and their tracheas were cannulated using a 20 G luer stub adapter. After isolating the left lung lobe with a hemostat, the right lobes were lavaged with 500 μl saline to obtain the broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF). The total and differential cells counts were determined using a Hemocytometer (Hausser Scientific, Horsham, PA) and Wright-Geimsa staining (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) as described previously [7 (link)]. The numbers of eosinophils were determined in 5 random fields on the slides using 40× magnification on a light microscope and expressed as eosinophils/ml of BALF.

Joshi R., Valdez D., Kim H., Eikenburg D.C., Knoll B.J, & Bond R.A. (2017). Effects of β-blockers on house dust mite-driven murine models pre- and post-development of an asthma phenotype. Pulmonary pharmacology & therapeutics, 46, 30-40.

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