D galactose

Cel_2-5 and Lam_2-5 were purchased from Megazyme. Sucrose, maltose, l-arabinose, d-fructose, d-galactose, d-xylose, d-mannose, l-rhamnose, and d-gluconate were purchased from Nacalai Tesque. Sop_2-5 were prepared using SOGP from L. innocua and SGL from Chitinophaga pinensis (23 , 28 (link), 29 (link)). Lactose, α,α-trehalose, melibiose, esculin, d-amygdalin, methyl-α-Glc, ethyl-α-Glc, benzyl-α-Glc, pNP-α-Glc, and pNP-β-Glc were purchased from FUJIFILM Wako Chemical Corporation. Gentiobiose, d-talose, and gastrodin were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry. d-Gulose and 2-naphthyl-α-Glc were purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals. α-Arbutin was purchased from Ezaki Glico. n-Octyl-β-Glc and methyl-β-Glc were purchased from DOJINDO LABORATORIES and Merck, respectively. Salicin and β-arbutin were purchased from Combi Blocks.

d-Allose, d-glucose, α-Glc1P, d-gluconic acid, lactose, d-mannose, and d-xylose were purchased from Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemical (Osaka, Japan); N-acetyl-d-glucosamine, d-galactose, and sucrose were purchased from Nacalai Tesque (Kyoto, Japan); d-glucosamine was purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry (Tokyo, Japan); cellobiose, d-galacturonic acid, and d-glucuronic acid were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). β-(1 → 4)-Mannobiose was prepared as previously described^{29 (link)}. Lactoless L3 (β-galactosidase) was provided by Daiwa Kasei (Shiga, Japan). SP from Bifidobacterium longum was prepared according to the method described by Nishimoto and Kitaoka^{5 (link)}. One unit of SP was defined as the amount of enzyme required to phosphorolyze 1 μmol of sucrose in 1 min. SP activity was measured as follows: a reaction mixture (50 μL) containing appropriate concentration of enzyme, 20 mM sucrose, 40 mM sodium phosphate, 100 mM 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES)-NaOH buffer (pH 7.0), and 0.2 mg/mL bovine serum albumin (BSA, Nacalai Tesque) was incubated at 37 °C for 10 min. The enzymatic reaction was terminated by incubating the sample at 80 °C for 3 min, and the liberated d-fructose was measured using a d-Fructose/d-Glucose Assay Kit (Megazyme, Brey, Ireland).