Tamra aβ1 42

Aβ_1–42 (human, 1–42) was purchased from the Peptide Institute (Osaka, Japan). Asiaticoside was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. The reference dye 5-carboxytetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA) was purchased from Olympus America Inc, whereas TAMRA-Aβ_1–42 was obtained from ANASPEC Inc. CA. Other chemicals were of analytical grade. Uranyl acetate was obtained from BDH. All experiments were carried out with the approval of an appropriate ethics committee of Shimane University compiled from the Guidelines for Animal Experimentation of the Japanese Association for Laboratory Animal Science.

Mouse neuronal N2a (Neuro-2a) cells were purchased from American Type Culture Collections (ATCC, Rockville, MD, USA). Amentoflavone, ginkgetin, isoginkgetin, and sciadopitysin were prepared as described and their purity was greater than 98%, as determined by HPLC [19 (link)]. The monoclonal anti-Aβ antibody HJ2 and astrocyte-secreted apolipoprotein E (ApoE) particles [13 (link)] were kindly gifted by David Holtzman (Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA). Leupeptin, heparin, fucoidan, and cytochalasin D were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Unlabeled and labeled human Aβ_1-40 with 5-carboxytetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA-Aβ_1-40), and TAMRA-Aβ_1-42, and 5-carboxyfluorescein-labeled Aβ_1-40 (FAM-Aβ_1-40), FAM-Aβ_1-42, and FAM-Aβ_42-1 were obtained from AnaSpec (Fremont, CA, USA).