Pentylenetetrazole

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, India, Germany, Switzerland

Pentylenetetrazole is a chemical compound used in research laboratories as a convulsant agent. It is primarily employed as a tool to study the mechanisms of seizures and the effects of anticonvulsant drugs.

Automatically generated - may contain errors

Lab products found in correlation

67 protocols using pentylenetetrazole

Preparation of GABA, Baclofen, and Pentylenetetrazole

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols

GABA and baclofen (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) were prepared in bath solution just prior to experimentation. CGP7930 (Tocris, Bristol, U.K.) was dissolved in DMSO at 10 mmol·L⁻¹ concentration and stored at −20°C until use. Pentylenetetrazole (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) was dissolved in 0.9% saline just prior experiments. Ethanol (LabServ, Australia) was diluted with water to desired concentration on a weekly basis.

Li M., Milligan C.J., Wang H., Walker A., Churilov L., Lawrence A.J., Reid C.A., Hopkins S.C, & Petrou S. (2017). KCTD12 modulation of GABA(B) receptor function. Pharmacology Research & Perspectives, 5(4), e00319.

+ Open protocol

+ Expand

Pharmacological Evaluation of Anxiolytic Agents

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols

The following chemicals were used: diazepam (J.S.C. «Organica», Novokuznetsk, Russia), phenazepam (FSBI “Zakusov Institute of Pharmacology”, Moscow, Russia), pentobarbital sodium salt (FSBI “Zakusov Institute of Pharmacology”, Moscow, Russia), pentylenetetrazole (Sigma Aldrich, Burlington, MA, USA), polysorbate-80 (tween-80) (Sigma Aldrich, USA), polyethylene glycol 400 (Sigma-Aldrich, Burlington, MA, USA), BD-1047 hydrobromide (Tocris Bioscience, Bristol, UK), NE-100 hydrochloride (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA), [N-methyl-³H] flunitrazepam (Amersham, UK), BD-1047 hydrobromide (Tocris Bioscience, Bristol, UK), NE-100 hydrochloride (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA), Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Sigma-Aldrich, Burlington, MA, USA), sucrose (Sigma-Aldrich, Burlington, MA, USA), 1,4-dioxane (Ecos-1, Moscow, Russia), naphthalene (Sigma-Aldrich, Burlington, MA, USA), 2,5-diphenyloxazole (Sigma-Aldrich, Burlington, MA, USA), and 1,4-Bis(5-phenyl-2-oxazolyl)benzene (Sigma Aldrich, Burlington, MA, USA).

Voronin M.V., Shangin S.V., Litvinova S.A., Abramova E.V., Kurbanov R.D., Rybina I.V., Vakhitova Y.V, & Seredenin S.B. (2023). Pharmacological Analysis of GABAA Receptor and Sigma1R Chaperone Interaction: Research Report I―Investigation of the Anxiolytic, Anticonvulsant and Hypnotic Effects of Allosteric GABAA Receptors’ Ligands. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(11), 9580.

+ Open protocol

+ Expand

Investigating GABA-T Activity Modulation

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols

Pentylenetetrazole, isoniazid, gamma aminobutyric acid, glutamate, diazepam (D-907), phenytoin (PHR1139), and vigabatrin were purchased from Sigma Ltd., USA. ELISA kit (MBS939900; MyBioSource, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA) was used for the estimation of GABA-T activity.

Singh N.K., Laloo D., Garabadu D., Singh T.D, & Singh V.P. (2014). Ichnocarpus frutescens Ameliorates Experimentally Induced Convulsion in Rats. International Scholarly Research Notices, 2014, 434179.

+ Open protocol

+ Expand

Animal Models of Neurological Disorders

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols

All animal procedures were conducted in accordance with protocols approved by the Legacy Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) and the principles outlined in the NIH Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. All studies were performed in adult male CD-1 mice or Wistar rats (Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, MA, USA). Pentylenetetrazole, pilocarpine, scopolamine, and valproic acid (all from Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) were dissolved in 0.9% w/v saline to achieve the desired dosages via the intraperitoneal (i.p.) or subcutaneous (s.c.) routes. Ketogenic diet (KD: 8.6% protein w/w, 75.1% fat w/w, 3.2% carbohydrates w/w) for rodents was obtained from Bio-Serv (#F3666, Bio-Serv, Frenchtown, NJ, USA) and supplied ad libitum. Caloric composition of the KD is: 93.4% fat, 4.7% protein, and 1.8% carbohydrates. Standard chow (control diet, CD) with a caloric composition of 13.5% fat, 28.5% protein, and 58.0% carbohydrates was used in control animals or after diet reversal.

Lusardi T.A., Akula K.K., Coffman S.Q., Ruskin D., Masino S.A, & Boison D. (2015). Ketogenic Diet Prevents Epileptogenesis and Disease Progression in Adult Mice and Rats. Neuropharmacology, 99, 500-509.

+ Open protocol

+ Expand

Pharmacological Modulation of Kappa Opioid Receptors

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols

Diazepam and pentylenetetrazole were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). The κ receptor agonist U‐50488H and antagonist 5′‐GNTI were purchased from Tocris Bioscience, (Bristol, UK) while the G‐protein biased partial κ receptor agonist 6′‐GNTI was provided by the drug supply programme of National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). pentylenetetrazole, U‐50488H, 5′‐GNTI and 6′‐GNTI were dissolved in saline, and the pH was adjusted to 7.2. Diazepam was dissolved in DMSO (10 mg·mL) and further diluted with saline. Diazepam and U‐50488H were applied i.p. For EEG recordings and CPA experiments, 5′‐GNTI (3 or 10 nmoles per 3 μL) and 6′‐GNTI (1–30 nmoles per 3 μL) were given i.c.v., while for the pentylenetetrazole experiments, they were administered intracisternally.

Zangrandi L., Burtscher J., MacKay J.P., Colmers W.F, & Schwarzer C. (2016). The G‐protein biased partial κ opioid receptor agonist 6′‐GNTI blocks hippocampal paroxysmal discharges without inducing aversion. British Journal of Pharmacology, 173(11), 1756-1767.

+ Open protocol

+ Expand

Garcinol and PTZ Neurochemical Interactions

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols

Garcinol and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) were procured from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). PTZ was dissolved in freshly prepared saline prior to the injection. Antibodies against BDNF, TrkB, GABA_A, and GAD65 (Cell Signalling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA), caspase-3, Bcl-2, Bad, Bax, Bcl-xL, and TNF-α ((Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA,USA) were used for expression analysis. All other standard chemicals used in this study were of analytical grade procured from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).

Hao F., Jia L.H., Li X.W., Zhang Y.R, & Liu X.W. (2016). Garcinol Upregulates GABAA and GAD65 Expression, Modulates BDNF-TrkB Pathway to Reduce Seizures in Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-Induced Epilepsy. Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research, 22, 4415-4425.

+ Open protocol

+ Expand

Synthesis of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols

Pentylenetetrazole, phenylacetic acid and 2-Phenylbutyric acid were purchased from Sigmaaldrich (Germany). 3,4-Dimethoxyphenylacetic acid, 4-Phenylbutyric acid, 2-Thiophene ethanol, Fluorene-9-carboxylic acid, 1-Adamantanecarboxylic acid, 4-Biphenylacetic acid, 4-tert-Butylcyclohexane-carboxylic acid, and shikimic acid were obtained from Merck (Germany).

Loron A.G., Sardari S., Narenjkar J, & Sayyah M. (2017). In silico Screening and Evaluation of the Anticonvulsant Activity of Docosahexaenoic Acid-Like Molecules in Experimental Models of Seizures. Iranian Biomedical Journal, 21(1), 32-39.

+ Open protocol

+ Expand

Zebrafish and Mouse Chemical Exposure Protocols

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols

For experiments with zebrafish larvae, dry samples and compounds were dissolved in 100% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, spectroscopy grade, Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium)) as 100-fold concentrated stocks and diluted in embryo medium to a final concentration of 1% DMSO content, except for PTZ and valproate which were dissolved in embryo medium (0% DMSO). Of note, for zebrafish exposure to valproate the DMSO content of the embryo medium was adjusted to 1% DMSO in line with other treatments. Control groups were treated with 1% DMSO (VHC) in accordance with the final solvent concentration of tested samples or compounds. For mice experiments, a mixture of polyethylene glycol M.W. 200 (PEG200, >95% purity, Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium)) and 100% DMSO (1:1 PEG200:DMSO) was used as solvent and VHC. Pentylenetetrazole (≥99% purity) and valproate (sodium valproate, ≥98% purity) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Overijse, Belgium).

Copmans D., Kildgaard S., Rasmussen S.A., Ślęzak M., Dirkx N., Partoens M., Esguerra C.V., Crawford A.D., Larsen T.O, & de Witte P.A. (2019). Zebrafish-Based Discovery of Antiseizure Compounds from the North Sea: Isoquinoline Alkaloids TMC-120A and TMC-120B. Marine Drugs, 17(11), 607.

+ Open protocol

+ Expand

Monoamine Regulation Protocol

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols

Pentylenetetrazole and serotonin was procured from Sigma-Aldrich, Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). HPLC-grade methanol and heptane sulfonic acid was procured from Merck Specialties (Mumbai, India). Norepinephrine was obtained as a gift sample from Troikaa Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (Dehradun, India). Perchloric acid was purchased from Spectrochem (Mumbai, India). Imipramine hydrochloride, fluoxetine hydrochloride, venlafaxine hydrochloride and mirtazapine were obtained as gift samples from Parasol Laboratories, Baddi, Himachal Pradesh (India).

Sharma R.K., Singh T., Mishra A, & Goel R.K. (2017). Relative Safety of Different Antidepressants for Treatment of Depression in Chronic Epileptic Animals Associated with Depression. Journal of Epilepsy Research, 7(1), 25-32.

+ Open protocol

+ Expand

Quantification of GABA-T Activity

Check if the same lab product or an alternative is used in the 5 most similar protocols

Pentylenetetrazole, phenytoin and diazepam were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (Delhi, India). NADH (Sisco Research Laboratories Pvt. Ltd, Mumbai), NBT (Sisco Research Laboratories Pvt. Ltd, Mumbai) and were used for the experiments. ELISA kit (MBS939900; MyBioSource, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA) was used for the estimation of GABA-T activity. All the reagents used were of analytical grade.

Dhar A., Maurya S.K., Mishra A., Singh G.K., Singh M.K, & Seth A. (2016). Preliminary Screening of a Classical Ayurvedic Formulation for Anticonvulsant Activity. Ancient Science of Life, 36(1), 28-34.

+ Open protocol

+ Expand

About PubCompare

Our mission is to provide scientists with the largest repository of trustworthy protocols and intelligent analytical tools, thereby offering them extensive information to design robust protocols aimed at minimizing the risk of failures.

We believe that the most crucial aspect is to grant scientists access to a wide range of reliable sources and new useful tools that surpass human capabilities.

However, we trust in allowing scientists to determine how to construct their own protocols based on this information, as they are the experts in their field.

Ready to get started?

Revolutionizing how scientists
search and build protocols!