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164 protocols using reserpine

1

Reserpine-Induced Depression Mouse Model

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Seven-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were purchased from Daehan Biolink Co. (Chungbuk, Korea). Animal experiments were performed in accordance with the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and approved by the Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (written approval number: 17-049). The mice were housed in polypropylene cages maintained under standard conditions at a 12-h light/dark cycle, 24 ± 0.5°C, and 55 ± 5% humidity, with standard food and water provided. To induce depression, the mice were acclimated for 1 week before receiving intraperitoneal (IP) injections of reserpine (0.5 mg/kg in PBS containing 0.1% dimethyl sulfoxide and 0.3% Tween-80) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) once per day for 10 days. Control mice were injected with PBS containing 0.1% dimethyl sulfoxide and 0.3% Tween-80 without reserpine. The reserpine-induced mice were randomly divided into five groups (n = 6 per group) and orally treated with PBS (reserpine-only group), 20 mg/kg fluoxetine (FXT) (Sigma-Aldrich), or 100, 300, or 500 mg/kg BTS. The control mice were administered oral doses of PBS. The experimental schemes, including reserpine induction and administration schedules, are presented in Figure 1A.
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2

Sympathomimetic drugs and cardiovascular effects

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Apart from the anaesthetic (sodium pentobarbital), the drugs used in the present study were: isometheptene racemate (Carnick Laboratories, Cedar Knolls, NJ, USA); (R)-isometheptene and (S)-isometheptene (Tonix Pharmaceuticals Inc., New York, NY, USA); prazosin hydrochloride, rauwolscine hydrochloride, propranolol hydrochloride and reserpine (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA) All compounds were dissolved in physiological saline with the exception of reserpine, which was dissolved in 5% (w/v) ascorbic acid. A short period of heating was needed to dissolve prazosin. These vehicles had no significant effects on baseline heart rate or diastolic blood pressure, as previously reported by our group [3 (link)]. The doses mentioned in the text refer to the free base of substances in all cases.
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3

Pharmacological Agents and Solvent Preparations

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The drugs consisted of lisuride maleate (#4052), clozapine (#0444), SCH23390 (#0925), GR127935 (#1477; Bio-Techne Corporation, Minneapolis, MN), LSD-tartrate (NIDA Drug Supply Program, Bethesda, MD), fluoxetine HCl (#F132) and reserpine (#R0875; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). The vehicle for lisuride, LSD, MDL, reserpine, SCH23390, and GR127935 consisted of N,N-dimethyllacetamide (final volume 0.5%; Sigma-Aldrich) and it was brought to volume with 5% 2-hydroxypropoyl-β-cyclodextrin (Sigma-Aldrich) in sterile water (Mediatech Inc., Manassas, VA). clozapine was solubilized with glacial acetic acid (0.05% final) and was brought to volume with 5% 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin in sterile water. Fluoxetine was solubilized in sterile water. All drugs were injected (i.p.) in a 5 ml/kg volume.
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4

Side Population Analysis of Mouse Cells

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Cells for flow cytometry analysis were harvested and resuspended in PBS with 1% FBS at a density of 1.0×106 cells/ml. Hoechst 33342 (B2261, Sigma‐Aldrich), verapamil (V4629, Sigma‐Aldrich), and reserpine (R0875, Sigma‐Aldrich) were used at a final concentration of 32 μM (Hoechst 33342), 8 μM (verapamil), and 8 μM (reserpine) for side population analysis. PE rat anti-mouse CD24 (553262, BD Biosciences) and FITC rat anti-mouse CD44 (553133, BD Biosciences) were diluted to 1:100 for the staining.
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5

Reserpine-Induced Depression Model in Mice

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Seven-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were purchased from Daehan Biolink Co. (Chungbuk, Korea). Animal experiments were performed in accordance with the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and approved by the Korean Institute of Oriental Medicine Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (written approval number: 17-081). The mice were acclimated for 1 week, following which depression was induced by administering reserpine (0.5 mg·kg−1 in PBS; i.p.; Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA) once per day for 10 days. Normal mice were injected with PBS alone. The reserpine-treated mice were divided into seven groups (n = 6 per group) and orally treated with PBS (Control), GBH (50, 100, 300, and 500 mg·kg−1), the SSRI fluoxetine (FXT; 20 mg·kg−1; Sigma-Aldrich), or the TCA amitriptyline (AMT; 30 mg·kg−1; Sigma-Aldrich). Normal mice were treated with oral doses of PBS. The experimental schematic, including reserpine induction and administration schedules, is presented in Figure 2(a).
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6

High-Content Screening for 3D Organoid Analysis

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The Cellnsight CX7 High-Content Screening (HCS) Platform (Thermo Fisher Scientific) was used for colony counting and
nuclear intensity measurements. Briefly, cultures were incubated with media containing 1 μg/mL Hoechst 33342, 2
μg/mL propidium iodide (both from Life Technologies), 5 μM reserpine (Sigma-Aldrich), 1:250 HCS LipidTOX
(Invitrogen) for 30 – 60 minutes in the presence of 50 % (v/v) dispase. 3D organoids were released from matrigel by gentle
pipetting, washed twice with media and then transferred to a 96-well plate (Corning) for imaging. The colonies were imaged on
wide-field, confocal Z-stack, and bright-field and were quantified using HCS Studio Cell Analysis Software (Thermo Fisher). Cell
debris or dead cells were excluded based on colony size, nuclear intensity and length-to-width ratio, and the same threshold was
applied for the colony counting of hepatocytes cultured with or without TNFα.
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7

Evaluating Myeloma Drugs in vitro

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Thalidomide, lenalidomide, pomalidomide, bortezomib and carfilzomib were purchased by Selleck Chemicals LLC (Houston, TX, USA). Reserpine, doxorubicin, dexamethasone and melphalan were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).
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8

Electrochemical Recordings and Pharmacological Manipulations in Drosophila Larvae

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All chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO), and solutions were prepared in Milli Q water (Millipore, Billerica, MA) unless noted otherwise. Electrode calibrations were performed in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) (131.25 mM NaCl, 3.0 mM KCl, 10.0 mM NaH2PO4, 1.2 mM MgCl2, 2.0 mM Na2SO4, and 1.2 mM CaCl2) with pH adjusted to 7.4, which was made once a month and stored at 4°C. To make the larval dissection buffer, 11.1 mM glucose and 5.3 mM trehalose were added to the PBS buffer on the day of the experiment. For P2X2 experiments, ATP solution (0.1 mM) was also prepared daily in the dissection buffer. Ten mM stock solutions of octopamine were prepared in 0.1 M HClO4 once a month and stored at 4°C. Diluted octopamine solutions for electrode calibration and pressure ejection experiments were prepared daily in PBS buffer.
Disulfiram (Tocris Bioscience, Ellisville, MO) and reserpine (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) stock solutions of 10 mM were prepared in DMSO, and diluted to 400 μM in PBS. Fluoxetine (400 μM) and nisoxetine (80 μM) were prepared in PBS. To add drug to the VNC, 1 mL of the respective solution was added to the Petri dish that contained 3 mL of dissection buffer.
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9

Intraperitoneally Administered Pharmacological Agents

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All drugs were administered intraperitoneally (i.p.). These include reserpine (Sigma 83580) dissolved in 0.2% glacial acetic acid to 0.5 mg/ml; nepicastat (Sigma-Aldrich SML0940) suspended as 5mg/ml in saline mixed with 1.5% DMSO, 1.5% Kolliphor; dexmedetomidine (100 mcg/ml Piramal Critical Care, PSLAB-020872-00) diluted to 5mcg/ml in saline, atipazemole made to 0.1mg/ml in saline, atomoxetine hycrochloride (thermoscientific, Cat 467680010) make to 0.3mg/ml in saline, propranolol hydrochloride (Tocris Bioscience Cat. 0624) made to 1mg/ml in sterile water, prazosin hydrochloride (Tocris Bioscience Cat. 0623) made to 1mg/ml in distilled water. Drugs were administered at least 15-20 min prior to experiments unless otherwise noted.
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10

Evaluating Antimicrobial Susceptibility Using Broth Micro Dilution

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In order to evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility to doxycycline, minocycline and tetracycline, broth micro dilution method was used according to CLSI M07-A9 instructions [13 ] and the results were interpreted according to CLSI M100-S25 guidelines [14 ]. In this study, the intermediate isolates were also considered as resistant. All antibiotic chemicals were purchased from Sigma Chemicals Co., Inc. (St. Louis, USA). Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 were used as reference strains.
For tetracyclines resistant isolates, MICs of the three aforementioned antibacterials were repeated in the presence of the following efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) by broth microdilution method. Carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), phenyl-arginine-β-naphthylamide (PAβN), 1-(1-naphthylmethyl)-piperazine (NMP), reserpine and verapamil (Sigma), CCCP, PAβN, NMP, reserpine, and verapamil were added to the broth at the final concentrations of 5, 70, 100, 50, and 100 g/L, respectively [4 (link)]. A fourfold or greater decrease in the MIC values in the presence of EPIs was considered as significant inhibition.
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