Imaging equipment included the Somatom Force 64-layer multi-slice CT (MSCT) (Siemens, Erlangen, Germany), Somatom dual-source Flash 64-layer MSCT scanner (Siemens, Germany), GE Revolution 256-row MSCT scanner (GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI), Gemstone 75064 layer CT scanner (GE Healthcare), and the Somaton Sensation 64-layer (Siemens, Germany). All the 57 patients fasted for >8 hours before MSCT. Before the examination, patients consumed 800 to 1000 mL water and underwent breath-hold scan and routine MSCT scan of the upper, middle, or entire abdomen. The scanning parameters were as follows: tube potential, 120 kV; tube current, 250 mA; field of view, 250 mm × 250 mm, slice thickness of 1.5 mm, slice interval of 1.5 mm, rotation time of 0.5 to 0.6 seconds. The window width was 200 Hounsfield units (HU), and the window level was based on a 50 HU soft tissue window. Axial images were acquired and subsequently transmitted to a diagnostic workstation (ADW 4.7, GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI). Coronal and sagittal images were reconstructed using the Reformat software (ADW 4.7,GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI, USA). Contrast-enhanced CT was performed after injection of iohexol 320 mg/mL into the elbow vein at a dose of 1.5 mL/kg and a flow rate of 3.0 mL/kg. The arterial phase, portal venous phase, and parenchymal phase were scanned at 30, 70, and 120 seconds, respectively, after injection.
Adw 4
Manufactured by GE Healthcare
Sourced in United States
The ADW 4.6 is a laboratory equipment product from GE Healthcare. It serves as an automated DNA workstation, designed to perform various tasks in DNA sample preparation and analysis. The core function of the ADW 4.6 is to automate and streamline sample handling and processing workflows in a laboratory setting.
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Iomeron 400 mg ml, by Bracco (1 mentions)
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Aquilion one vision, by Toshiba (1 mentions)
Syngo via version vb10, by Siemens (1 mentions)
Somatom definition flash, by Siemens (1 mentions)
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Aquilion one, by Toshiba (1 mentions)
Aquilion 64, by Toshiba (1 mentions)
33 protocols using adw 4
1
Multi-phase Abdominal CT Imaging Protocol
2
Quantifying Coronary Plaque Composition
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First, patients underwent non-enhanced scan to measure the calcium score. CCTA was performed, thereafter, using prospective electrocardiogram (ECG) gating. A double-head power injector was used to inject contrast media. The scanning parameters were as follows: 0.6 mm individual detector width; 280 ms gantry rotation time; 0.20 to 0.50 pitch; 200 to 250 mm field of view for raw image reconstruction. All the scans were analyzed on the workstation (ADW4.6, GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI, USA) by two radiologists. Calcium was defined as the presence of at least three pixels with a density of >130 HU. The coronary artery tree was segmented according to the modified American Heart Association classification. We classified coronary plaques by calcified and non-calcified components and quantified their volumes automatically according to Hounsfield unit thresholds.[8 (link),9 ] Non-calcified plaque volume was further split by lipid and fibrous plaque volumes. Total plaque was summed up by different component plaque volume.
3
Analyzing Gynecological Tumor Characteristics
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Two radiologists with more than 10 years of experience in gynecological imaging analyzed the images without knowing the pathological results of these patients and reached a consensus (Figure 1
4
Proton MRS of Precentral Gyri
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H1MRS was performed with a single voxel (SV) technique using a point-resolved spectroscopy sequence (PRESS) with the following parameters: TE = 35 ms, TR = 1,500 ms, 128 acquisitions, and NEX 8. In each subject, two 8-cm3 (2 × 2 × 2 cm) voxels of interest (VOIs) were prescribed in the right and left precentral gyri anterior to the central sulcus, localized on axial T2-weighted and FLAIR images (Figure 1 ). The acquisition time for one voxel was 3 min 43 s, and the total time of MRS data acquisition was 7 min 26 s. The MRS data were postprocessed using algorithms provided by a manufacturer (GE workstation, ADW 4.6). Each spectrum was automatically fitted to four peaks corresponding to the levels of NAA (2.02 ppm), total creatine (3.03 ppm), choline-containing compounds (3.23 ppm), and mI (3.56 ppm). The ratios of NAA, choline, and mI to creatine (NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, mI/Cr, respectively) were calculated and analyzed.
5
Renal Cortex T1 Mapping Protocol
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SMART T1 MRI examinations were performed for each subject in the coronal view. Nine different inversion recovery (IR) times of 100, 120, 140, 160, 998, 1,855, 2,748, 3,568, and 2,000 ms were used for T1 map calculation. The applied scan parameters were slice thickness = 5 mm, spacing = 1 mm, number of slices = 10, field of view ranging from 30 × 30 cm to 36 × 36 cm, matrix = 192 × 128, number of excitations (NEX) = 1 and acceleration factor = 2. A respiration trigger was also adopted. The scan time was 3 min.
Using vendor-provided postprocessing software embedded in a GE advanced workstation (ADW4.6), coronal renal T1 maps were acquired accordingly for each subject. On renal T1 maps, three regions of interest (ROIs) were manually drawn on the upper, middle, and lower parts of each renal cortex by a senior radiologist. The corresponding T1 values of the three renal subregions were obtained for statistical analysis.
Using vendor-provided postprocessing software embedded in a GE advanced workstation (ADW4.6), coronal renal T1 maps were acquired accordingly for each subject. On renal T1 maps, three regions of interest (ROIs) were manually drawn on the upper, middle, and lower parts of each renal cortex by a senior radiologist. The corresponding T1 values of the three renal subregions were obtained for statistical analysis.
6
Diffusion Kurtosis Imaging of Basal Ganglia
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MRI scans were performed using a 3.0-T GE scanner (Signa; General Electric Medical Systems) equipped with a standard eight-channel head coil. We used sponge padding and cotton balls to limit head motion and reduce scanner noise. Initial routine MRI and T2-weighted images [repetition time (TR) = 4,420.0 ms; echo time (TE) = 112.1 ms; 5.0 mm thickness; 1.0 mm septation; matrix 512 × 512; field of view (FOV) = 160 × 160 mm] were obtained for all participants. Two experienced neuroradiologists assisted in the diagnostic process for every view obtained.
An echo-planar imaging sequence was used to obtain DKI images with the following scanning parameters: TR, 4,500 ms; TE, 84.1 ms; diffusion gradient pulse duration (δ), 32.2 ms; diffusion gradient separation (Δ), 38.776 ms; FOV, 240 × 240 mm; matrix, 128 × 128; number of excitations, 1; 5.0 mm thickness with no interslice gap; number of slices, 20. Total scan time was 3 min 5 s. Diffusion encoding was applied in 15 directions with three b values (0, 1,000, and 2,000 s/mm2). All images were postprocessed on commercial workstations (GE, ADW 4.6) equipped with Functool software to generate color-coded and parametric maps of MK, MD, and FA. Volumes of interest in the bilateral substantia nigra and red nucleus were independently drawn three times, with a fixed-in-size (8 mm2) ellipse (seeFigure 4 ).
An echo-planar imaging sequence was used to obtain DKI images with the following scanning parameters: TR, 4,500 ms; TE, 84.1 ms; diffusion gradient pulse duration (δ), 32.2 ms; diffusion gradient separation (Δ), 38.776 ms; FOV, 240 × 240 mm; matrix, 128 × 128; number of excitations, 1; 5.0 mm thickness with no interslice gap; number of slices, 20. Total scan time was 3 min 5 s. Diffusion encoding was applied in 15 directions with three b values (0, 1,000, and 2,000 s/mm2). All images were postprocessed on commercial workstations (GE, ADW 4.6) equipped with Functool software to generate color-coded and parametric maps of MK, MD, and FA. Volumes of interest in the bilateral substantia nigra and red nucleus were independently drawn three times, with a fixed-in-size (8 mm2) ellipse (see
7
IVIM-DWI Analysis of Tumor Characteristics
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Two radiologists with more than 10 years of experience analyzed the images without knowing the pathological results of these patients and finally reached a consensus. Using the GE ADW 4.6 postprocessing workstation, the IVIM-DWI images of the largest tumor layer with b = 800 s/mm2 were analyzed, and the parameters were calculated. The measurement was repeated for three times, and the average value was obtained. When sketching for the region of interest (ROI), the T2WI and dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) images were referenced to determine the tumor boundary, and the mucus, necrosis, cystic change, and bleeding areas were avoided. The parameters measured by IVIM-DWI included the following: diffusion coefficient (D), microvascular volume fraction (f), and pseudodiffusion coefficient (D∗).
The IVIM-DWI images with a b value of 800 s/mm2 were imported into AK (Analysis Kit, Kinetics Version 2.1, GE Healthcare) software (Table S1). The ROIs were determined after the discussion of two senior attending radiologists, and the tumor boundary was manually sketched. Meanwhile, the T2WI and DCE images were referenced. The ROIs should cover the whole tumor as much as possible on the largest area of the tumor. Then, all texture features of the tumor were automatically extracted, with a total of 1,050.
The IVIM-DWI images with a b value of 800 s/mm2 were imported into AK (Analysis Kit, Kinetics Version 2.1, GE Healthcare) software (Table S1). The ROIs were determined after the discussion of two senior attending radiologists, and the tumor boundary was manually sketched. Meanwhile, the T2WI and DCE images were referenced. The ROIs should cover the whole tumor as much as possible on the largest area of the tumor. Then, all texture features of the tumor were automatically extracted, with a total of 1,050.
8
Pulmonary Artery Imaging Techniques
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All data were transferred to an advantage workstation (ADW4.6, GE Healthcare) for image postprocessing and analysis. Images were reconstructed using the MIP, MPR, curvature plane reconstruction, and VR. Axial images at the mediastinal window (window width, 360 HU; window level, 60 HU) and lung window (window width, 1500 HU; window level, −900 HU) were used to determine the anatomical position.
The average scan time of the two groups was recorded and analyzed by two senior radiologists. The farthest branches of the pulmonary artery that were clearly displayed in the two groups were observed at the mediastinal window (window width 360, HU; window level, 60 HU) on the axial images and observed combined with the lung window (window width, 1500 HU; window level, −900 HU) to determine the anatomical position and alternative image reconstruction methods. These included the MIP, MPR, curvature plane reconstruction, and VR.
The average scan time of the two groups was recorded and analyzed by two senior radiologists. The farthest branches of the pulmonary artery that were clearly displayed in the two groups were observed at the mediastinal window (window width 360, HU; window level, 60 HU) on the axial images and observed combined with the lung window (window width, 1500 HU; window level, −900 HU) to determine the anatomical position and alternative image reconstruction methods. These included the MIP, MPR, curvature plane reconstruction, and VR.
9
Quantitative IVIM-DWI Analysis of Tumors
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The images were transferred to the GE ADW4.6 post-processing workstation (GE Medical Systems, Milwaukee, Wis., USA), and image analysis was performed using Function-MADC software (GE Medical Systems, Milwaukee, Wis., USA). Pseudo-colour maps of the standard ADC, Dslow, Dfast, and f were generated. Regions of interest (ROIs) were placed in the largest solid areas of the lesions (avoiding regions of necrosis and haemorrhage in the tumours), and the IVIM-DWI parameters were measured.
10
Automated Post-processing of MRI Tumor Analysis
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T2 and the ADC map were automatically post-processed on a workstation (ADW 4.6; GE Healthcare). An image in the T2 mapping was selected to place an ROI at least 10 mm2 on the tumor at the slice with the largest axial diameter of the tumor. The ADC value of the tumor was measured on the ADC map with reference to axis T2-weighted image by following the same method. T2 and ADC values were independently measured by two radiologists. Clinical parameters, including sex, age, and TNM staging, were also recorded.
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