Panoptic

All animals underwent a detailed ophthalmic examination including slit lamp biomicroscopy (Shin Nippon; Ohira Co., Ltd., Niigata, Japan) and rebound tonometery (Tonovet; iCare, Finland). Chromatic pupillary light reflexes were assessed using BPI-50 Precision Illuminator (RetinoGraphics Inc., Norwalk, CT, USA). Following pupillary dilation with 1% tropicamide (Tropicamidum 1%; WZF Polfa S.A., Warsaw, Poland), ophthalmoscopy was conducted using a direct ophthalmoscope (Welch Allyn, New York, NY, USA) and a PanOptic ophthalmoscope (PanOptic; Welch Allyn, New York, NY, USA).

Ophthalmic examinations were performed using slit lamp biomicroscopy (Shin Nippon; Ohira Co., Ltd, Niigata, Japan) and tonometry (Tonovet; Icecare, Finland). Ophthalmoscopy was conducted using a direct ophthalmoscope (Welch Allyn, NY, USA), indirect ophthalmoscope (Keeler; Windsor, UK), and PanOptic ophthalmoscope (PanOptic; Welch Allyn, NY, USA), following pupillary dilatation with 1% tropicamide (Tropicamidum 1%; WZF Polfa S.A., Warsaw, Poland). The dogs were also subjected to a thorough clinical examination to eliminate the possibility of other diseases. All dog owners were comprehensively interviewed. Each dog was examined according to the ophthalmological protocol for the examination of hereditary eye diseases. Ocular fundus photography was performed using a fundus camera (Handy NM 2000; Nidek, Tokyo, Japan) connected to a computer with software (IrfanView) that permitted direct analysis of the examined areas and cataloguing of the results of particular exams. Ophthalmic examinations included testing for the menace response, dazzle reflex, visual placing, and visual tracking. Chromatic pupillary light reflexes (cPRL) were also examined using the BPI-50 Precision Illuminator (RetinoGraphics Inc, USA).