Erythromycin

The strains were routinely manipulated in LB broth (Difco, Falcon BD, Corning, NY, USA) or MSgg medium (5 mM potassium phosphate, 100 mM MOPS pH 7, 2 mM MgCl2, 50 μM MnCl₂, 50 μM FeCl₃, 700 μM CaCl₂, 1 μM ZnCl₂, 50 μM FeCl_3. 2 μM thiamine, 0.5% glycerol, 0.5% glutamate, 50 μg ml⁻¹ threonine, tryptophan and phenylalanine; Branda et al., 2001 (link)).
Selective media for cloning purposes were prepared with LB or LB-agar using antibiotics at the following final concentrations: 100 μg ml⁻¹ ampicillin, 10 μg ml⁻¹ kanamycin from AG Scientific (San-Diego, California, USA), 10 μg ml⁻¹ chloramphenicol, 10 μg ml⁻¹ tetracycline, 100 μg ml⁻¹ spectinomycin from Amersco (Dallas, Texas, USA) and 1 μg ml⁻¹ erythromycin (Amresco, Dallas, Texas, USA) + 25 μg ml⁻¹ lincomycin (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, Missouri, USA for MLS.

All strains used in this study are listed in Supplementary Table 3.
Selective media for cloning purposes were prepared with LB broth or LB-agar using antibiotics at the following final concentrations: 10 μg/ml chloramphenicol (Amersco), 10 µg/ml, 10 μg/ml spectinomycin (Tivan biotech), 10 µg/ml tetracycline (Amresco), 1 µg/ml erythromycin (Amresco) + 25 µg/ml lincomycin (Sigma). Starter cultures of all strains was prepared using LB (Luria- Bertani) broth (Difco). B4 (0.4% yeast extract, (Difco), 0.5% D-glucose and 0.25% calcium acetate (Sigma Aldrich)) was prepared as described previously^{55 (link)}.

All B. thuringiensis strains are isogenic derivatives of AW43, a derivative of B. thuringiensis serovar kurstaki strain HD73 (57 (link)). All B. subtilis strains are derivatives of 168 or PY79 (58 (link)). The strains and genotypes can be found in Table 3. All B. thuringiensis strains were grown in or on LB medium at 30°C unless otherwise specified. Liquid cultures of B. thuringiensis were grown with agitation in a roller drum. B. thuringiensis strains containing episomal plasmids were grown in LB medium containing erythromycin (erm, 10 μg/mL; Amresco). E. coli strains were grown at 37°C using LB-ampicillin (amp, 100 μg/mL; Amresco) or LB-chloramphenicol (cam, 10 μg/mL; Amresco) medium. B. subtilis strains were grown on LB with antibiotics (cam, 10 μg/mL; spectinomycin [spec], 100 μg/mL [Amresco]; or erm, 10 μg/mL). The β-galactosidase chromogenic indicator 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl β-d-galactopyranoside (X-Gal; Research Products International) was used at a concentration of 100 μg/mL. IPTG (Research Products International) and xylose (Acros) were used at the concentrations indicated in the figure legends. Cefoxitin (Sigma-Aldrich) was used at the concentrations listed in the figure legends.

All strains and plasmids used in this study are listed in Supplementary file 3. Standard laboratory culture medium was used for routine growth of bacteria as follows: Lactiplantibacillus spp., Lacticaseibacillus spp., Levilactobacillus brevis, Ligilactobacillus murinus, and Pediococcus pentosaceus, MRS (BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA); Lactococcus lactis and Streptococcus agalactiae, M17 (BD) with 2% w/v glucose; Enterococcus faecalis, and Enterococcus faecium, BHI (BD); and Escherichia coli, LB (Teknova, Hollister, CA, USA). Bacterial strains were incubated without shaking except for E. coli (250 RPM) and at either 30 or 37 °C. Where indicated, strains were grown in filter-sterilized MRS (De MAN et al., 1960 (link)) lacking beef extract with either 110 mM glucose [gMRS] or 110 mM mannitol [mMRS], or a chemically defined minimal medium (Supplementary file 4) with 125 mM glucose [gCDM] or 125 mM mannitol [mCDM] for 18 hr (Aumiller et al., 2021 (link)). riboflavin (1 mg/L) was routinely added to the CDM. When indicated, culture medium was supplemented with 20 μg/mL of the quinone 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid (DHNA) (Alfa Aesar, Haverhill, MA, USA), 1.25 mM ferric ammonium citrate (C₆H₈FeNO₇) (1.25 mM) (VWR, Radnor, PA, USA), riboflavin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), or 5 μg/mL erythromycin (VWR).