Dehydrated toluene

The following chemicals and materials were used in this study. N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) was provided by KJ Chemicals (Tokyo, Japan) and purified by recrystallization in toluene/hexane. Tris[2-(N,N-dimetylamino)ethyl]amine (Me₆TREN), N-3-(aminopropyl)methacrylamide (NAPMAm) hydrocholoride, Ru(bpy)₃-N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) ester, methyl 2-chloropropionate (MCP), and l-ascorbic acid were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industries (Tokyo, Japan). Nitric acid (HNO₃), sodium bromate (NaBrO₃), malonic acid [CH₂(COOH)₂], tris(bipyridine)ruthenium (II) chloride [Ru(bpy)₃²⁺ 2Cl^-], copper (I) chloride (CuCl), [(chloromethyl)phenylethyl]trimethoxysilane (CMPETMS), triethylamine, N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, super dehydrated), toluene, dehydrated toluene, acetone, and methanol were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Osaka, Japan).

N-Isopropylacrylamide (IPAAm) and (3-acrylamidopropyl)trimethylammonium chloride (APTAC) were provided by KJ Chemicals (Tokyo, Japan). IPAAm was recrystallized from hexane, and APTAC was used as received. 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) was purchased from Shin-Etsu Chemical (Tokyo, Japan). 4-Cyano-4-[(dodecylsulfanylthiocarbonyl)sulfanyl]pentanoic acid (CDPA) as well as Dulbecco’s phosphate buffered saline without calcium chloride and magnesium chloride (DPBS) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Missouri, USA). N-Hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), N,N’-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), 4,4ʹ-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid) (V-501), tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine hydrochloride (TCEP), diethyl ether, dehydrated toluene, methanol, acetone, dehydrated dichloromethane (DCM), and 1,4-dioxane were obtained from FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemicals (Osaka, Japan) and used without further purification. Glass coverslips (24 mm × 50 mm, thickness: 0.2 mm) were purchased from Matsunami Glass (Osaka, Japan). Water used in this study was purified using a Milli-Q Synthesis A10 system (Millipore, Billerica, Massachusetts, USA).