Isoflurane

Manufactured by GE Healthcare

Sourced in United States

Isoflurane is a general anesthetic agent used in laboratory settings. It is a clear, colorless, and volatile liquid that is administered through inhalation. Isoflurane is primarily used to induce and maintain anesthesia in small animals, such as rodents, during surgical or experimental procedures.

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Lab products found in correlation

Gas monitor, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions) Isoflurane, by Baxter (1 mentions) Sevoflurane, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions) 5250 rgm gas analyzer, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions) 2 6 diisopropylphenol, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Sevoflurane, by Abbvie (1 mentions) Isoflurane, by Abbott (1 mentions)

5 protocols using isoflurane

Isoflurane Exposure in Aged Rats

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Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=144, 20 months of age and weighing 500–600 g) were purchased from the Dongchuang Laboratory Animal Center (Changsha, Hunan, China) and housed in standard barrier facilities. They were maintained under a 12-h light/dark cycle (lights on at 07:00) with food and water ad libitum. The animals had a recovery period of at least 7 days to adapt to their new environment before experiments began.
isoflurane exposure was performed as previously described (2 (link)). In a transparent anesthetic chamber, rats were exposed to 1.5% isoflurane (Baxter Healthcare, Deerfield, IL, USA) with 2 l/min of 100% oxygen (Beijing Millennium City Gas Sales Center, China) as the carrying gas, or to vehicle (2 l/min of 100% oxygen) for 4 h. At the outlet of the chamber, gas composition (the concentrations of isoflurane, oxygen, and carbon dioxide) within the chamber was continuously analyzed by a gas monitor (Datex-Ohmeda, Inc., Louisville, CO, USA). After anesthesia, the rats received 100% oxygen until they recovered complete consciousness. In a previous study, it has been shown that this anesthesia protocol does not cause significant changes in glucose or blood gas (1 (link)).

Cao Y., Li Z., Ma L., Ni C., Li L., Yang N., Shi C, & Guo X. (2018). Isoflurane-induced postoperative cognitive dysfunction is mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor-1α-dependent neuroinflammation in aged rats. Molecular Medicine Reports, 17(6), 7730-7736.

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In Vitro Anesthesia Exposure Protocol

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Coverslips in 12-well plates were placed in identical air-tight, humidified chambers (Billups-Rothenberg, Del Mar, CA, USA) as previously described [43 (link)]. Isoflurane (Baxter Healthcare Cooperation, Deerfield, IL, USA) or sevoflurane (AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, USA) were delivered using an agent-specific, calibrated inline vaporizer (SuperaVet, Vaporizer Sales and Services Inc., Rockmart, GA, USA), and were diluted in 5% CO₂/95% O₂ carrier gas. Controls for these experiments received 5% CO₂/95% O₂ carrier gas only. There was a 15-min equilibration period, which was required to achieve the correct concentration of Isoflurane or sevoflurane as measured by a 5250 RGM gas analyzer (Datex-Ohmeda, Madison, WI, USA). Then the sealed chambers were placed in an incubator to maintain temperature at 37 °C for the duration of anesthesia exposure. Isoflurane/sevoflurane concentration was periodically measured at the end of the experimental period to verify that it was appropriately maintained throughout the exposure.
The propofol exposure was done by adding pure 2,6-diisopropylphenol (Sigma Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA) (1 nM, 2 nM, 4 nM) into experiment wells, and incubated at 37 °C for the duration of anesthesia exposure. The exposure was terminated by removing all the media and by adding a combination of previously-removed media without propofol and fresh media.

Xu J., Mathena R.P., Xu M., Wang Y., Chang C., Fang Y., Zhang P, & Mintz C.D. (2018). Early Developmental Exposure to General Anesthetic Agents in Primary Neuron Culture Disrupts Synapse Formation via Actions on the mTOR Pathway. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(8), 2183.

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PET/CT Imaging of Tumor Xenografts

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Two tumor bearing mice were injected with ¹⁸F-2 (13.0 MBq in 80 and 100 μL PBS containing ≤ 5% ethanol, 1.3 and 1.9 nmol) via lateral tail vein. Anaesthesia was induced with 5% isoflurane (Abbott) in O₂/air 5 min before PET/CT acquisition. Depth of anaesthesia and temperature were controlled as described by Honer et al. (Honer et al. 2004 (link)). PET/CT scans were performed under 2–3% isoflurane anaesthesia with a GE VISTA eXplore PET/CT tomograph. Static scans were carried out 120–150 min p.i. in two bed positions (15 min upper body followed by 15 min lower body) with tumor-bearing mice. Data were reconstructed by two-dimensional ordered-subset expectation maximization (2D OSEM). Region of interest analysis was conducted with the PMOD 3.3 software (PMOD, Switzerland). The xenograft, kidney and liver volumes of interest were drawn according to the PET/CT images and average background activity was estimated from a sphere with a volume of ca. 0.5 cm³ between the shoulder regions. Standardized uptake values (SUV) were calculated as a ratio of tissue radioactivity concentration (kBq/cm³) and injected activity dose per gram body weight (kBq/g) at the scan start. Percentage injected dose per gram of tissue (%ID/g) was calculated using SUV values: SUV / body weight [g] × 100% = %ID/g.

Dialer L.O., Jodal A., Schibli R., Ametamey S.M, & Béhé M. (2018). Radiosynthesis and evaluation of an 18F–labeled silicon containing exendin-4 peptide as a PET probe for imaging insulinoma. EJNMMI Radiopharmacy and Chemistry, 3, 1.

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Rat Prostate and Testis Analysis

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Animals were anesthetized by delivering isoflurane (GE Healthcare) to the respiratory tract of the rat using a vaporizer at 3% concentration. The testis and the genitourinary tract comprising the bladder, urethra, seminal vesicles, and ampullary gland were excised. The prostate was microdissected into individual lobes, and the lateral prostate was isolated and was cut into two portions. One portion was snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80 °C. The remaining prostate portion was fixed in 10% buffered formalin and was paraffin embedded. Testis was stored at 4 °C.

Fong L.Y., Jing R., Smalley K.J., Wang Z.X., Taccioli C., Fan S., Chen H., Alder H., Huebner K., Farber J.L., Fiehn O, & Croce C.M. (2018). Human-like hyperplastic prostate with low ZIP1 induced solely by Zn deficiency in rats. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 115(47), E11091-E11100.

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Zinc Deficiency and Esophageal Cancer Risk in Rats

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Animal protocols were approved by the Thomas Jefferson University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Weanling male rats were randomly divided into 4 dietary groups (ZD3, ZD6, ZD12, and ZS, n = 47-49 rats/group) and were tail-tattooed for identification. ZD rats were fed ad libitum and ZS rats were pair-fed to ZD6 animals to match the decreased food consumption of ZD6 rats [38 (link)]. After 5 weeks, 12 rats per group were killed for evaluation of esophageal cell proliferation [38 (link)]. The remaining animals were divided into NMBA-treated groups (n = 25-27 rats/dietary group) and NMBA-untreated groups (10 rats/group). Carcinogen-treated rats were administered intragastrically 4 NMBA doses (2 mg/kg body weight), once a week for 4 consecutive weeks. NMBA-untreated groups received saline. The animals were weighed weekly and monitored daily. The study was concluded at 17 weeks after the 1st NMBA dose (22 weeks of ZD). At sacrifice, the animals were anesthetized by delivering isoflurane (GE Healthcare) to the respiratory tract of the rat using a vaporizer at 3% concentration. Blood was obtained from the retro-orbital venous plexus for serum preparation and subsequent Zn analysis. Whole esophagus was excised and longitudinally slit open. Tumors greater than 0.5 mm in diameter were mapped.

Fong L.Y., Taccioli C., Jing R., Smalley K.J., Alder H., Jiang Y., Fadda P., Farber J.L, & Croce C.M. (2016). MicroRNA dysregulation and esophageal cancer development depend on the extent of zinc dietary deficiency. Oncotarget, 7(10), 10723-10738.

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