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6 protocols using sodium acetate

1

Corn Fiber Arabinoxylans: Extraction and Characterization

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Arabinoxylan was obtained from alkaline extraction of corn fiber (with an aqueous solution of 0.25 M of sodium hydroxide, under stirring at 30 °C for 7 h), and the extract was purified in a hollow-fiber membrane unit (UFP-100-C-5A, from GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL, USA), according to the procedure used by Serra et al., 2020 [15 (link)]. The purified extract was freeze-dried, and the solid was stored in a sealed plastic bag at −20 °C. Activated charcoal (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and hydrogen peroxide (José Manuel Gomes dos Santos LDA, Odivelas, Portugal) were used for the decolorization process. For the formulation of films, glycerol (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) and citric acid (PanReac, Barcelona, Spain) were used. For antioxidant activity determination, sodium acetate (Riedel-de-Haën, Seelze, Germany), acetic acid glacial (Fisher Chemical, Loughborough, UK), TPTZ (2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride) (Sigma-Aldrich, USA), HCl (Honeywell, Wien, Austria), and ferric chloride (PanReac, Spain) were used.
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2

Synthesis and Characterization of Chitosan-Based Hg(II) Sensor

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All reagents were of analytical grade and were used without further purification. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) with ~95% purity, 30 ± 10 nm diameter, and 1–5 µm length were from NanoLab, Waltham, MA, USA. 4-nitroaniline, salicylaldehyde, o-phenylenediamine, chitosan (Chit) of low molecular weight with a degree of deacetylation of 80%, ethanol, toluene, diethyl ether, and acetic acid were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich. Sodium nitrite, sodium acetate, and trisodium citrate were obtained from Merck. Acetate buffer solutions of various pH values were prepared by mixing standard stock solutions of 0.1 M sodium acetate and 0.1 M acetic acid and adjusting the pH with HCl or NaOH, both from Riedel De Haën, Germany. For the measurement of Hg (II), the appropriate amount of Hg(NO3)2 (Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) was dissolved in water.
All solutions were prepared with Millipore MilliQ ultrapure water (resistivity > 18 MΩ cm) and experiments were performed at room temperature (25 ± 1 °C).
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3

Psychotropic Drug Preparation and Analysis

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The following drugs were used: Chloral hydrate, clozapine, minocycline (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA), haloperidol (Janssen Pharmaceutical, Beerse, Belgium), parecoxib (Pharmacia, Buckinghamshire, UK). The drugs were pH-adjusted using acetic acid and sodium bicarbonate where needed. Vehicle was pH-adjusted to match the corresponding drug.
The chemicals used were: zinc acetate (Sigma), sodium acetate (Riedel-de Haen, Germany), perchloric acid (Kebo Lab, Stockholm, Sweden) and acetonitrile (Labasco, Partille, Sweden).
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4

Comprehensive Analysis of Phenolic Compounds

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Folin-Ciocalteu's phenol reagent (FCR), potassium phosphate monobasic, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, gallic acid, caffeic acid, quercetin-3-rutinoside, quercetin-3-β-Dglucoside, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanilic acid, salicylic acid, syringic acid, sinapic acid, protocatechuic acid, gentisic acid, tyrosol, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), sodium carbonate, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, sodium chloride, sodium phosphate, glucose, fructose and sucrose were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (Buchs, Switzerland). 2,2'-azino-bis(3ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) was provided by Roche (Basel, Switzerland). 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), potassium persulfate, potassium chloride and acetic acid were supplied by Acros Organics (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Geel, Belgium). Sodium acetate and oxalic acid were purchased from Riedel-de Haën (Seelze, Germany). Formic acid was obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Ethanol was supplied by Cochimy (Martigny, Switzerland). Acetonitrile was provided by Macron Fine Chemicals (Center Valley, PA, USA). Cyanidin-3-glucoside and catechin were obtained from Extrasynthese (Genay, France).
Deionized water was obtained using Milli-Q purification system (Millipore AG, Zug, Switzerland).
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5

Phytochemicals, Antioxidants, and Microbiological Analysis

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Methanol and ethanol were acquired from Panreac AppliChem (Darmstadt, Germany) and Honeywell (Charlotte, NC, USA), respectively. Gallic acid, iron chloride, Folin-Ciocalteau reagent and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), and ascorbic acid and ferrous sulphate were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Acetic acid, hydrochloric acid and sodium acetate were provided by Honeywell-Riedel-de Haën (Charlotte, NC, USA). Sodium carbonate was acquired from JMGS (Odivelas, Portugal), and 2,4,6-Tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ) was obtained from Honeywell-Fluka (Charlotte, NC, USA). Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA), Malt Extract Agar (MEA) and Violet Red Bile Agar (VRBA) were obtained from Oxoid—Thermo Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Water was treated in a Milli-Q water purification system (Merck Millipore, Burlington, MA, USA).
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6

Bioactive and Antimicrobial Characterization

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Methanol (Ceamed, Lda., Funchal), Folin and Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent (Biochem Chemopharma, Cosne-Cours-sur-Loire, France), sodium hydroxide p.a. (Eka, Netherlands), sodium acetate (Honeywell, Charlotte, CA, USA), sodium nitrite p.a. (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), indigo carmine (labkem, Spain), potassium permanganate (Acofarma, Madrid, Spain), sodium carbonate anhydrous p.a., potassium chloride (Panreac, Spain), absolute ethanol and sulfuric acid 95–97% (Chem-Lab, Zedelgem, Belgium), gallic acid (GA), catechin (CAT), aluminum chloride (99%), and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), were used as chemicals for the extractions and bioactive characterization of the extracts.
Agar Powder (VWR, Lutterworth, UK); amphotericin B solution (Sigma, USA); blank, kanamycin (K) 30UG, and penicillin G (P) 2IU discs (LIOFILCHEM, Roseto degli Abruzzi, Italy); D(+)-glucose monohydrate and yeast extract (Scharlau, Barcelona, Spain); dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and Mueller-Hinton Agar (Merck, Germany); Nutrient Agar (Biolab, Budapest, Hungary); and Nutrient Broth and Peptone (Cultimed, Spain) were used as chemicals for antimicrobial characterization of the extracts.
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