Benzo k fluoranthene

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States

Benzo(k)fluoranthene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compound. It is a crystalline solid at room temperature. Benzo(k)fluoranthene can be used as a standard reference material in analytical chemistry and environmental monitoring applications.

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Fluoranthene (45 citations)

15 protocols using benzo k fluoranthene

PAH Spiking for Water Samples

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The 8 PAHs listed in the WFD were selected (Table 2). Neat crystals of naphthalene and benzo(ghi)perylene were obtained from Fluka (St Louis, USA), anthracene and indeno(1,2,3-cd) were obtained from Dr Ehrenstorfer (Augsburg, DE) and fluoranthene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene and benzo(a)pyrene were purchased from Sigma (St Louis, USA). The water samples simulating the dissolved phase were spiked with a standard solution prepared in acetonitrile containing the native compounds in a concentration range of 25.44 to 763.3 ng g⁻¹. The solution was stored in the dark at 4 °C until use.Table 2

Theoretical final concentrations of individual PAHs, PBDEs and TBT in the water test materials without SPM and the solvent used to spike them in the water

Compound(s)	Concentration (ng L⁻¹)	Solvent
PAHs
Naphthalene	1200	Acetonitrile
Anthracene	100
fluoranthene	100
Benzo(b)fluoranthene	40
Benzo(k)fluoranthene	40
benzo(a)pyrene	50
Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene	40
Benzo(ghi)perylene	40
PBDEs
∑BDE28, BDE47, BDE99,		Methanol
BDE100, BDE153, BDE154	4	Methanol
TBT	5	Water^a

^aThe stock solution and intermediate solution were prepared using acetic acid:methanol 3:1 (v/v); only the last dilution was made using Type-1 water

Elordui-Zapatarietxe S., Fettig I., Philipp R., Gantois F., Lalère B., Swart C., Petrov P., Goenaga-Infante H., Vanermen G., Boom G, & Emteborg H. (2014). Novel concepts for preparation of reference materials as whole water samples for priority substances at nanogram-per-liter level using model suspended particulate matter and humic acids. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 407(11), 3055-3067.

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Evaluating Placental Cell Toxicity of PAHs and BPA Substitute

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Four PAHs, which have not been explored for their effects on pregnancy, were selected for experimentation on cell viability and necrosis in a placental cell line treated with the selected PAHs. In addition, 4,4–9(fluorenylidene)diphenol, a BPA substitute, which was recently used in BPA-free products, was also studied for its effect on cell viability and necrosis in a placental cell line.
PAHs used in this experiment are as follows:

Anthracene (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO USA, #07,671–100 mg)

Benzo[k]fluoranthene (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO USA, #03,323–10 mg)

Benzo[a]pyrene (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO USA, #51,968–50 mg)

4,4-(9-Fluorenylidene)diphenol (BPA substitute) (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO USA, #399,981–25 g)

Jo Y.S., Ko H.S., Kim A.Y., Jo H.G., Kim W.J, & Choi S.K. (2022). Effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the proliferation and differentiation of placental cells. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology : RB&E, 20, 47.

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Comprehensive PAH Standard Solution Analysis

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A composite standard solution of 18 PAHs including acenaphthene(ANA), acenaphthylene (ANY), benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF), benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkF), benzo(g,h,i)perylene (BPE), chrysene (CHR), fluoranthene (FLT), fluorene (FLU), naphthalene (NAP), phenanthrene (PHE), anthracene (ANT), benzo(a)- anthracene (BEA), benzo(j)fluoranthene (BjF), benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), benzo(e)pyrene (BeP), bibenzo(a,h)anthracene (BaA), indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene (IPY) and pyrene (PYR) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA), each at a concentration of 1000 μg·mL⁻¹. N-hexane and acetonitrile were obtained from Chongqing Xinyu Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (China), both with an analytical grade.

Yang Q., Chen H, & Li B. (2015). Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Indoor Dusts of Guizhou, Southwest of China: Status, Sources and Potential Human Health Risk. PLoS ONE, 10(2), e0118141.

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Analysis of PAHs in Minced Pork

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The refrigerated minced pork meat was bought from a local supermarket (Cluj-Napoca, Romania), with a fat content of under 20%. The tobacco used in the experiments is Silverado Blue Extra Volume tobacco, which is a voluminous tobacco, of superior quality, that was cut into strands and purchased from specialty stores. The tobacco does not contain artificial flavors and the strength is medium to strong. Hexane, acetonitrile gradient grade are from VWR (Fontenay-sous-Bois, France). Sodium hydroxide, pure pellets, from Merck(Darmstadt, Germany) and chlorhydric acid are from LGC Promochem (Wesel, Germany). PAHs Mix (naphthalene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene, indeno (1,2,3-cd)pyrene) 10 µg/mL each in acetonitrile are from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Ultrapure water (18.2 MΩ/cm) obtained from a Millipore Direct-Q3 UV Ultrapure water system (Millipore, Molsheim, France) was used.

Fuss V.L., Bruj G., Dordai L., Roman M., Cadar O, & Becze A. (2021). Evaluation of the Impact of Different Natural Zeolite Treatments on the Capacity of Eliminating/Reducing Odors and Toxic Compounds. Materials, 14(13), 3724.

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Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Analysis Protocol

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Benz(a)anthracene (BaA), BaP, benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF), benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkF), chrysene, and dibenz(a,h)anthracene (DA)) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene (IP) was purchased from Absolute Standards (Hamden, CT). Materials for DNA extraction (Gupta 1984 (link); Randerath et al. 1981 (link); Reddy and Randerath 1986 (link); Zhou et al. 1999 (link)), and ³²postlabeling analysis (Phillips and Arlt 2007 (link); Randerath et al. 1999 (link); Reddy and Randerath 1986 (link); Zhou et al. 2004 ) have been reported previously.

Phillips T.D., Richardson M., Lisa Cheng Y.S., He L., McDonald T.J., Cizmas L.H., Safe S.H., Donnelly K.C., Wang F., Moorthy B, & Zhou G.D. (2014). Mechanistic relationships between hepatic genotoxicity and carcinogenicity in male B6C3F1 mice treated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures. Archives of toxicology, 89(6), 967-977.

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Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Omega-3 Fatty Acids Protocol

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Benzo(a)pyrene (BP), benz(a)anthracene (BA), chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF), benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkF), and dibenz(a,h)anthracene (DBA) were procured from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene (IP) was obtained from Absolute Standards (Hamden, CT, USA). Fish oil (from menhaden) was from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). Materials for DNA extraction [31 (link),32 (link),33 (link),34 (link)], RNA isolation [35 (link)], and ³²postlabeling methods [31 (link),36 (link),37 (link)] have been published previously.

Zhou G., Jiang W., Xia G., Wang L., Richardson M., Chu C, & Moorthy B. (2022). Attenuation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)-Mediated Pulmonary DNA Adducts and Cytochrome P450 (CYP)1B1 by Dietary Antioxidants, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, in Mice. Antioxidants, 11(1), 119.

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Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Analysis in Gochujang

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Gochujang (Sunchang Gochujang; Chungjungone, Seoul, Korea) used in this study was
composed of brown rice (20.4%), red pepper powder (3%), and red
pepper seasoning (red pepper powder [8.3%], sea salt, garlic, and onion)
with soybeans, alcohol, yeast powder, starch syrup, brown glutinous rice flour,
sea salt, and isomaltooligosaccharide. Folin-Ciocalteu phenol reagent was
purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). All solvents and chemicals
used for PAH analysis were high-performance liquid chromatography grade. PAH
standards (naphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene,
anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene, chrysene,
benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene,
indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, dibenzo[a,h]anthracene, and benzo[g,h,i]perylene) and
internal standard (ISTD) solution mix (naphthalene-d₈,
acenaphthene-d₁₀, phenanthrene-d₁₀,
chrysene-d₁₂, and perylene-d₁₂) were purchased from
Sigma-Aldrich. All the other chemicals were of analytical grade.

Kim H.J., Cho J., Kim D., Park T.S., Jin S.K., Hur S.J., Lee S.K, & Jang A. (2021). Effects of Gochujang (Korean Red Pepper Paste) Marinade on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Formation in Charcoal-Grilled Pork Belly. Food Science of Animal Resources, 41(3), 481-496.

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Bioaccessibility of PAHs in Water and Bile

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Phenanthrene (96%), pyrene (98%), and benzo(k)fluoranthene (99%) were obtained from Sigma Aldrich, while benzo(a)pyrene was obtained from MRI Global. Bioaccessibility experiments were conducted using de-ionized water and bile fluid. Bile fluid was prepared by dissolving 12.5 g L -1 bile and 6 g L -1 NaHCO3 -into de-ionized water. To each experimental unit, 1 m of silicone rod is inserted into a 125 mL amber glass jar. To the jar, approximately 35 ± 5 mg of PAH is added, followed by 100 mL of either de-ionized water or bile fluid. Notably the solubility limits of these PAHs in water is less than 1.2 mg L -1 . 29 The amber jar was then gently shaken on a horizontal shaker for 4 hours, the time was chosen to be representative of the gastric and intestinal transit time of the FOREhST model.

James K., Peters R.E., Cave M.R., Wickstrom M, & Siciliano S.D. (2018). In vitro prediction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon bioavailability of 14 different incidentally ingested soils in juvenile swine. The Science of the total environment, 618.

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PAH Detection in Environmental Samples

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Analytical grade (99.9% pure) acetone and hexane are purchased from Merck Millipore (Massachusetts, USA). 18 PAH standard mixture solution (Acenaphthene (AcP), Acenaphthylene (AcPy), Anthracene (Ant), Benzo[a]Anthracene (BaA), Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), Benzo[e]pyrene (BeP), Benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbFL), Benzo[g,h,i]perylene (BghiP), Benzo[j]fluoranthene (BjFL), Benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkFL), Chrysene (Chr), Dibenzo[a,h]Anthracene (DBA), Fluoranthene (FL), Fluorene (Flu), Indeno [1,2,3-cd]pyrene (InP), Naphthalene (NaP), Phenanthrene (Phe) and Pyrene (Pyr)) are obtained from Sigma–Aldrich (Missouri, USA). Powdered Benzo[e]pyrene-d12 (BeP-d12) perdeuterated internal standard is purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (Missouri, USA). 16 PAH internal standard mixture solution (1000 μg/mL in toluene) (AcP-d10, Acpy-d8, Ant-d10, BaA-d12, Bap-d12, BbFL-d12, BghiP-d12, BkFL-d12, Chr-d12, DBA-d14, Flu-d10, FL-d10, InP-d12, NaP-d8, Phe-d10, Pyr-d10) are from Chiron (Trondheim, Norway). Disposable Nylone filters (0.22 μm) are provided by Merck Millipore (Massachusetts, USA).

Wang S.W., Hsu K.H., Huang S.C., Tseng S.H., Wang D.Y, & Cheng H.F. (2019). Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in cosmetic products by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 27(3), 815-824.

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PAH Standards Characterization Protocol

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All organic solvents were purchased from VWR (Fontenay sous Bois, France) and were of HPLC grade. The seven selected PAH standards were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich-Fluka (St Quentin Fallavier, France): phenanthrene (PHE) and perdeuterated phenanthrene, fluoranthene (FLT), pyrene (PYR), benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF), benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and benzo[g,h,i]perylene (BghiP).

Crampon M., Bodilis J, & Portet-Koltalo F. (2018). Linking initial soil bacterial diversity and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) degradation potential. Journal of hazardous materials, 359.

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