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1

Immobilized Lipase-Catalyzed Esterification

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CAL-B (Novozyme 435), which is a lipase derived from Candida Antarctica type B and immobilized on acrylic resin, was purchased from Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA. Prior to its use, it was first vacuum-dried over Phosphorous pentoxide for 24 h. Sorbitol (98%) and divinyl adipate (96%) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany) and TCI GmbH (Eschborn, Germany), respectively. Phosphorous pentoxide (≥99%), 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP), anhydrous N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, 99.8%), anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (THF, 99.9%), acetonitrile (anhydrous, 99.8%), 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC·HCl), dialysis membranes with 1000 g·mol−1 molecular weight cut off (MWCO), and 10,000 g·mol−1 MWCO (Spectra/Por®, made from regenerated cellulose) were purchased from Carl Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany. α,ω-bis-hydroxy poly(ethylene glycol)n (where n = 9, 23, and 45) and α- methoxy,ω-hydroxy poly(ethylene glycol)n (where n = 12) (mPEG 550) were purchased from Alfa Aesar, Kandel, Germany. DY-781 Amine (molecular weight: 781 g·mol−1) and DY-784 NHS-ester (molecular weight: 1188 g·mol−1) were purchased from Dyomics GmbH (Jena, Germany), while BSA-TMR was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. (Waltham, MA, USA).
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2

Enzymatic Synthesis of PEG-Based Esters

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Novozyme 435, Lipase derived from Candida Antarctica type B (CAL-B) and immobilized on acrylic resin, was purchased from Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA. It was vacuum dried over Phosphorous pentoxide for 24 h prior to use. Sorbitol (98%) and divinyl adipate were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany) and TCI GmbH (Eschborn, Germany), respectively. Phosphorous pentoxide (≥99%), 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP), anhydrous N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, 99.8%), anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (THF, 99.9%), 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC·HCl), dialysis membranes with 1000 g·mol−1 molar mass cut off (MWCO) and 10,000 g·mol−1 MWCO (Spectra/Por®, made from regenerated cellulose) were purchased from Carl Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany. Deuterated chloroform (CDCl3) and deuterated dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO-d6) were purchased from Armar (Europa) GmbH (Leipzig, Germany). α,ω-bis-hydroxy poly(ethylene glycol)n (OH-PEGn-OH, with n = 9, 23, and 45) and α-methoxy,ω-hydroxy poly(ethylene glycol)12 (mPEG12-OH) were purchased from Alfa Aesar (Kandel, Germany).
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3

Synthesis and Characterization of P(3HB-co-4HB)

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The poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) (Mn = 250,000 g/mol; dispersity index Mw/Mn = 2.5; the 4HB unit content 8.8 mol %) was purchased from Tianjin Green Bio-Science (Tianjin, China); the high molecular weight poly-γ-glutamic acid (Mn = 150,000 g/mol; dispersity index Mw/Mn = 2.05) and ultra-low molecular weight poly-γ-glutamic acid (Mn = 2000 g/mol; dispersity index Mw/Mn = 1.43) were purchased from Shandong Freda Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shandong, China). Tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide, 4-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate, and [R,S]-β-butyrolactone were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH (Steinheim, Germany). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) were purchased from POCH SA (Gliwice, Poland). Dialysis membrane Spectra/Por (MWCO 1000) was purchased from Carl Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany).
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4

Freeze-Drying of Wine Samples

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The samples were concentrated and purified from soluble components through a dialysis experiment that was performed for 6 days a using standard regenerated cellulose (RC) tubing with 3.5 kDa molecular weight cutoff (Spectra/Por from Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany). The dialyses were against the carrier liquid during 4 days, followed by dialyses against deionized water for 2 days. The liquid was changed twice daily. Then, the samples were frozen at −20 °C in a 1–2 cm thick layer and freeze-dried (Epsilon 2-6D LSC plus, Osterode, Germany) for 6 days. Approximately 25–30 mL of each wine sample resulted in about 50–100 mg of lyophilized material.
The solid content after freeze drying was determined gravimetrically after correcting for the dilution of the wine during the dialysis. A parallel experiment was run using a 14 kDa membrane. The magnitude of the results was similar but on average 10% lower.
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