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Fetal calf serum (fcs)

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Fetal calf serum is a cell culture supplement derived from the blood of bovine fetuses. It provides a rich source of growth factors, proteins, and other nutrients essential for cell growth and proliferation in in vitro cell culture systems.

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65 protocols using fetal calf serum (fcs)

1

Isolation and Cultivation of Macrophages, T. cruzi, and Conjunctival Cells

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The macrophages were collected from the peritoneal cavity of the BALB/c mice by washing the cavities with an RPMI-1640 medium (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) supplemented with 10% (v/v) of fetal calf serum (FCS, Sigma-Aldrich, USA) and were maintained at 37 °C in a 5% (v/v) CO2 humidified incubator. Trypomastigotes of the T. cruzi (Y strain) were maintained in Rhesus monkey kidney cells (LLC-MK2—ATCC CCL 7), cultivated in an RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 2% (v/v) of fetal calf serum at 37 °C in a 5% (v/v) CO2 humidified incubator. The murine conjunctival cells (NCTC clone 929, ATCC) were maintained in the RPMI-1640 supplemented with 10% (v/v) of FCS at 37 °C in a 5% (v/v) CO2 humidified incubator.
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2

Breast Cancer and Epithelial Cell Culture

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Breast cancer cells T47D, MDA-MB-231, SKBR3 and epithelial cells MCF10A were obtained from ATCC (Manassas, VA, USA). Cancer cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (Life Technologies) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (ATCC), 4 mM L-glutamine (Life Technologies), 10 mM HEPES (Sigma) and Penicillin/Streptomycin (50 Units/mL/50 µg/mL, Life Technologies) at 37 °C and 5% CO2. MCF10A cells were cultured in DMEM/F12 with 5% horse serum, 20 ng/ml EGF, 0.5 mg/mL hydrocortisone, 100 ng/ml cholera toxin, 10 µg/mL bovine insulin and Penicillin/Streptomycin.
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3

Neutrophil Chemotaxis Assay Reagents

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DMSO, N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLF), and Trp-Lys-Tyr-Met-Val-Met (WKYMVM) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Cmpd43 (TC-FPR 43) and Boc-MLF were purchased from Tocris Biosciences (Bristol, UK). Fluo-4AM was purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA). Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 medium was purchased from HyClone Laboratories (Logan, UT, USA). Fetal calf serum and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were purchased from ATCC (Manassas, VA, USA). Hanks’ balanced salt solution was purchased from Life Technologies (Grand Island, NY, USA). HBSS without Ca2+ and Mg2+ was designated as HBSS. HBSS containing 1.3 mM CaCl2 and 1.0 mM MgSO4 was designated as HBSS+.
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4

Culturing T47D Breast Cancer Cells

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The human breast cancer cell line T47D (HTB-133) was purchased from ATCC (Manassas, VA, USA) in 2013 and used within one year since the purchase. Cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (Life Technologies, cat#11965) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (ATCC, 30–2020), 4 mM L-glutamine (Life Technologies), 10 mM HEPES (Sigma) and Penicillin/Streptomycin (50Units/mL/50ug/mL, Life Technologies) at 37oC and 5% CO2. Cells were cultured no longer than passage 20 after thawing. Mycoplasma test was performed once in three months using Universal Mycoplasma Detection kit (ATCC).
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5

Characterizing Toxin Neutralizing Antibodies

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CHO-K1 cells (ATCC CCL-61) and CHO-15B (obtained from J. Jay, U. Montana; a ricin-resistant derivative of CHO-K1 cells (Gottlieb, Skinner and Kornfeld 1974 ) that specifically lacks Neu5Ac-Galβ1-4GlcNAc modifications of glycoproteins (Gottlieb, Baenziger and Kornfeld 1975 (link)) and is also resistant to PT (Brennan et al. 1988 (link))) were cultured in Hams F12 medium with 10% fetal calf serum (ATCC). Toxin containing extracts were serially diluted in 50 μl of medium in 96-well plates, and seeded with 150 μl of freshly harvested cells in serum-containing medium at 104 cells per well, followed by 2 days growth, after which they were observed microscopically (200x magnification) for clustering and/or elongation relative to control (untreated) wells. Toxin neutralization was done by incubating cell extracts for 20 minutes prior to tissue culture assay with 1:20 dilutions of rabbit antisera, raised against purified LT-IIa (Pickett et al. 1986 (link))], or against his-tagged EplBA or EalAB purified in this study, antisera produced by Pocono Rabbit Farm & Laboratory (PRF&L, Canadensis, PA).
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6

Cell Line Authentication and Maintenance

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RMS cell lines RH30, RD, RMS-YM, RH4, JR-1, RMS-01, RH41, HFF-1 have been described previously [17 (link)]. Cell lines were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) (RD, RH30, RMS-01, RH4) or Roswell Park Memorial Institute 1640 (RPMI) medium (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA)(RH41, RMS-YM) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (Gibco, Life Technologies Ltd., Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), 2 mM L-glutamine (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). HFF-1 cells were purchased from ATCC and cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium supplemented with 15% fetal calf serum, 2 mM L-glutamine and 1% penicillin/streptomycin. Cells were maintained at 37 °C at 5% CO2.
Cell lines were authenticated using the Geneprint 10 kit according to manufacturer’s instructions (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) and subsequent fragment length analysis was carried out by Eurofins Genomics (Ebersberg, Germany). The resulting short tandem repeat (STR) typing results were compared with public databases.
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7

Tetracycline-Inducible TRPM7 Overexpression

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Tetracycline (Tet)-inducible HEK293-TREx cells, stably transfected with human TRPM7, were cultured in DMEM medium (Gibco) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Gibco), zeocin (0.4 mg/ml, Invitrogen) and blasticidin (5 µg/ml, Invitrogen). Overexpression was induced adding 1 µg/ml Tetracycline (Gibco) to the culture medium. Patch-clamp experiments were performed 18–22 h post-Tetracycline induction. The normal rat kidney fibroblast cell line NRK-49F and epithelial cell line NRK-52E (ATCC) were maintained in DMEM medium (ATCC) supplemented with 5% fetal calf serum (ATCC). Cells were maintained at 37 °C under 5% CO2 condition.
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8

Neutrophil Isolation and Activation Assay

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Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLF), Trp-Lys-Tyr-Val-Met (WKYMVM), and Histopaque 1077 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). (+)-Cedrol was from TargetMol (Boston, MA, USA). n-Hexane was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Fluo-4AM was purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA). Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 medium and Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM):F12 medium were purchased from HyClone Laboratories (Logan, UT, USA). Fetal calf serum and fetal bovine serum were purchased from ATCC (Manassas, VA, USA). Hanks’ balanced salt solution (HBSS; 0.137 M NaCl, 5.4 mM KCl, 0.25 mM Na2HPO4, 0.44 mM KH2PO4, 4.2 mM NaHCO3, 5.56 mM glucose, and 10 mM HEPES, pH 7.4) was purchased from Life Technologies (Grand Island, NY, USA). HBSS without Ca2+ and Mg2+ is designated as HBSS; HBSS containing 1.3 mM CaCl2 and 1.0 mM MgSO4 is designated as HBSS+.
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9

Talin-1 FERM Domain Overexpression

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Over-expression of the first 405 amino acid sequence of the globular N-terminus of Talin-1 was accomplished using the Lonza Nucleofector 2B. GFP/Talin-1(1-405) plasmids described by Bouaouina and others include the entire FERM domain and were shown to over-activate the α5β1 and α5β3 integrins in transfected cells. For each transfection, approximately 10 million cells were suspended in 100 μL of Nucleofector 2 Solution R with 8 μg of plasmid and transfected using program U-030. Immediately after transfection, 500 μL of Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (ATCC) supplemented with 10% Fetal Calf Serum (ATCC) was added to the cell solution. The sample was then incubated at 37° C for 15 minutes. Cells were gently transferred into culture flasks and seeded at ~90% confluency in normal growth medium. After 24 hours, transfected cells were sorted using flow cytometry for GFP fluorescence. Cells were seeded on patterned samples 48 hours after transfection.
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10

Maintenance of Cell Lines for GBM Research

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1205 Lu cells were maintained in melanoma medium, consisting of four parts of MCDB153 (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) and one part of L–15 (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA), supplemented with 2 mM CaCl2, 5 μg/ml insulin (Sigma) and 2% fetal bovine serum (Invitrogen), 1% streptomycin/ampicillin and maintained at 37°C, 2% CO2 under controlled humidity. 293T (ATCC® CRL–11268™), T98G (ATCC® CRL–1690™), and U87 MG (ATCC® HTB–14™) cells were maintained in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) at 37°C, 2% CO2 under controlled humidity. Both U87 MG and T98G are well-established models for the study of GBM biology and molecular pathways [51 , 52 (link)]. U87 MG is a cell line established from a GBM sample from a 44 years old Caucasian male, highly invasive and able to produce tumors in nude mice [53 , 54 (link)]. On the other hand, T98G is a cell line established from a GBM sample from a 61 years old Caucasian male, the cells undergo G1 phase cell cycle arrest under stationary conditions and are unable to produce tumors in nude mice, but present anchorage-independent growth [55 (link)]. Human Normal Total RNA Master Panel II (Lot. No. 7090015) was purchased from Clontech (Palo Alto, CA).
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