Sz 100 nanoparticle analyzer

Briefly, P5 (1 mg) was dissolved in 500 μL of DMSO and then added into 4 mL of distilled water dropwise under stirring. The organic solvents were removed through ultrafiltration, obtaining ZTC-NMs. The Z-NMs were prepared under the same experimental conditions except that the P5 was replaced with P7. The morphologies, effective particle diameters and Zeta potentials of the samples were studied by Tecnai TF30 TEM (FEI, Hillsboro) and SZ-100 nanoparticle analyzer (HORIBA Scientific). UV-vis absorption spectra of the samples were measured by Genesys 10S UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific).

UV–Vis spectroscopy (UV-1800 UV-Vis Spectrophotometer from (Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan) in the 200–800 nm range was utilized to characterize nanoparticles to confirm the produced green-synthesized ZnO NPs. To determine the functional groups of the specimens, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to analyze them over a wavelength range of 400–4000 cm⁻¹. The crystalline structure form of the produced nanoparticles was analyzed using a Bruker D8 Advance diffractometer (Billerica, MA, USA) with CuKα radiation (λ = 1.5418 Å). Furthermore, the morphology and size of green-synthesized ZnO NPs were examined by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM, HITACHI, S-4160, Tokyo, Japan). Thin films of the ZnO NPs were prepared on a cover slide grid by dropping a little amount of sample over the cover slide grid and allowing it to dry at room temperature before visualizing under FESEM.
DLS and Zeta analyses of ZnO NPs were performed using a particle size analyzer (Malvern Zetasizer, Malvern, England) and zeta potential measurement using (Horiba SZ-100 nanoparticle analyzer) to investigate particles’ size and surface charge of prepared NPs. The electrostatic potential of the particles was determined using an ultrasonic dispersion of 0.01 g 100 mL⁻¹ in DMSO at room temperature.

The average diameters, polydispersity indexes (PDIs) and size distributions of the different AZT-liposomes were determined by dynamic light scattering, using a Horiba SZ-100 Nanoparticle Analyzer (Kyoto, Japan). Prior to the measurements, the liposomal dispersions were thermostated at room temperature and appropriately diluted with PBS, pH 7.4 to 0.02 mg/L (based on the AZT concentration in liposomes). All the measurements were carried out at 25 °C at a scattering angle of 90°, where the acquisition lag time of each measurement was 600. The results are expressed as the mean ± S.D (n = 5).

Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra (650–4000 cm⁻¹) were recorded in the transmission mode on a Perkin Elmer FT-IR Spectrum 400 spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer, Mexico). UV-visible spectra were collected on a Shimadzu spectrophotometer model UV 2700 (Shimadzu, Japan) using a 1 cm path-length quartz cell. Fluorescence spectra were recorded from 300 to 700 nm on a Horiba Nanolog fluorescence spectrophotometer (HORIBA Scientific, Edison, NJ, USA) using a xenon lamp as the excitation source and a 1 cm path-length fluorescence quartz cell. The morphologies and sizes of nanoparticles were characterized by JEM-2200FS (JEOL, Akishima, Japan) transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The microscope was capable of spherical aberration correction in a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) mode working at an accelerating voltage of 200 keV. The images were acquired by a high-angle annular dark-field (HAADF) detector. Zeta potential measurements were acquired using a Horiba Scientific SZ-100 nanoparticle analyzer (Horiba Scientific, Japan). A Thermo Scientific pH meter was utilized to measure the pH of the solutions (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Mexico City, Mexico).