300wxenon

Ethical approval was obtained from the IRB of the University of Barcelona (Barcelona, Spain). All the dissections were performed at the Laboratory of Surgical NeuroAnatomy (LSNA) at the University of Barcelona. Five human specimens (10 sides) fixated with Cambridge solution were used, none of which had previously known neurological diseases. All specimens underwent a basal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), with T1, T2, and diffusion-weighted (DTI) sequences, and a computed tomography (CT) scan, with 0.5 mm axial slices and 0° gantry angle. Six screws were implanted before CT scanning and used as fiducials for neuro-navigation (Brainlab, Germany).
Procedures were performed with a 4-mm diameter rigid endoscope, 18-cm long, 0° optics (Karl Storz), connected to a light source through a fiber-optic cable (300WXenon, Karl Storz). A HD 4 K camera was used (Endovision Telecam SL; Karl Storz).

Anatomic dissections were performed at the Laboratory of Surgical NeuroAnatomy (University of Barcelona, Spain). Four specimens (eight orbits) were cleaned from blood clots, fixed with Cambridge solution, and injected with red and blue latex to highlight arterial and venous systems, respectively. Before and after dissection, all specimens underwent a multislice helical computed tomography (CT) scan (SIEMENS Somaton GoTop software version VA30A-SP03) with 0.5 mm thick axial spiral sections and a 0° gantry angle and an MRI study to obtain a 3D reconstruction of the main neurovascular structures. Endoscopic transorbital approaches were performed using a rigid endoscope of 4 mm diameter and 18 cm length, with 0° and 30° lenses (Karl Storz, Tuttlingen, Germany). The endoscope was connected to a light source through a fiber optic cable (300 W Xenon; Karl Storz) and to an HD camera (Endovision Telecam SL; Karl Storz). Data were uploaded to the Medtronic Workstation System to allow navigation guidance and point registration during dissection. A superior eyelid endoscopic transorbital approach was then performed as previously described (5 (link)–9 (link)).