and F. nucleatum (ATCC 25586) strains were purchased from the
American Type Culture Collection. S. mitis and S.
oralis were cultured in brain heart infusion (BHI) broth (Acumedia)
in a humidified incubator with 5% CO2 at 37°C. F.
nucleatum was cultured in BHI broth supplemented with 0.5% yeast
extract, 5 µg/mL hemin (Sigma-Aldrich), and 1 µg/mL vitamin K, and incubated at
37°C in an anaerobic chamber (Don Whitley Scientific).