Titanium dioxide aeroxide p25

Carbamazepine was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Titanium dioxide AEROXIDE P25 (P25) was provided by Evonik Industries (Essen, Germany). Graphene oxide (GO) was synthesized through a modified Hummer’s method as previously reported (detailed synthesis method can be found in Supplementary Figure S1) [36 (link),37 (link)]. Formic acid (EMD^TM 98%, Burlington, MA, USA) and ammonia hydroxide (Honeywell 5.0 M solution, Charlotte, NC, USA) were used to adjust pH. Suwannee River fulvic acid (SRFA, code 2S101F), used to model the effect of NOM, was acquired from the International Humic Substance Society (Denver, CO, USA). The elemental composition and functional group analysis are found on IHSS website [38 ].

Titanium dioxide Aeroxide® P25 (TiO₂-P25) was purchased from Evonik, Brazil. Nitric acid (65%), ethanol and 2-propanol were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) and Polyethylene glycol PEG-600 (MW: 560–640) by Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). MB was purchased from Cinética (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). Aqueous solutions containing 10 ppm of MB was prepared with distilled water and used as model of wastewater in the photocatalytic experiments.