Nfatc1 nfat2

Foetal bovine serum and Minimum Essential Medium Eagle Alpha Modification (α‐MEM) were obtained from Gibco (Sydney, Australia). Dehydrocostus lactone was purchased from Selleck (Shanghai, China), and Cell Counting Kit‐8 (CCK‐8) was obtained from Dojindo Molecular Technologies (Shanghai, China). Recombinant murine RANKL and M‐CSF were purchased from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN). Primary antibodies against extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK), p‐ERK, c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK), p‐JNK, p38, p‐p38, p65, p‐p65, IκBα, p‐IκBα, IκB kinase β (IKKβ), p‐IKKα/β, NFATc1/NFAT2, c‐Src, and β‐actin were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA). Antibodies against cathepsin K were obtained from Abcam (Cambridge, MA). Rhodamine‐conjugated phalloidin was from Cytoskeleton (Denver, CO). Titanium particles were purchased from Alfa Aesar (#00681; Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA). The TRAP staining kit, Tris, glycine, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), and sodium dodecyl sulfate were from Sigma‐Aldrich (St. Louis, MO) unless otherwise stated.

Fetal bovine serum (FBS) and alpha modification of Eagle medium (α-MEM) were purchased from Gibco (Sydney, Australia). The cell counting kit (CCK-8) was obtained from Dojindo Molecular Technologies (Kumamoto, Japan). Recombinant murine M-CSF and recombinant murine RANKL were purchased from PeproTech (Rocky Hill, USA). Primary antibodies against ERK, phospho-ERK (Thr202/Tyr204), JNK, phospho-JNK (Thr183/Tyr185), p38, phospho-p38 (Thr180/Tyr182), p65, phospho-p65 (Ser536), IκBα, phospho-IκBα (Ser32), Akt, phospho-Akt(Ser473), transforming growth factors-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), phosphor-TAK1 (Ser412), MAP kinase kinase 1/2 (MEK1/2), phospho-MEK1/2 (Ser217/221), MAP kinase kinase 3/6 (MKK3/6), phospho-MKK3(Ser189)/6(Ser207), MAP kinase kinase 7 (MKK7), phospho-MKK7 (Ser271/Thr275), NFATc1/NFAT2, β-actin, and HRP-linked secondary antibodies against mouse or rabbit IgG were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danver, MA, USA). Primary antibody against c-Fos was purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, MA). The TRAP staining kit, DMSO, and LPS were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, USA). Artemether was purchased from Tauto Biotech (Shanghai, China).

Alpha‐modified minimal essential medium (α‐MEM) and foetal bovine serum (FBS) were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Scoresby). Corilagin (Figure 1A) with a purity greater than 98% was purchased from Tongtian Biotechnology Co. and dissolved in different concentrations of 0‐2 µmol/L with dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), respectively. Primary antibodies against ERK, JNK, p38, p65, IkBα, p‐ERK, p‐PI3K, TRAF6, p‐TAK1, p‐JNK, p‐p38, p‐p65, p‐IkBα, GAPDH, NFATc1/NFAT2, c‐Fos and c‐Src were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology, while second antibodies were purchased from Boster Biological Technology Co.. Recombinant RANKL and recombinant M‐CSF were obtained from Novoprotein Scientific Inc (Shanghai, China). Tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining kit and all other reagents were purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich, unless stated otherwise.