D100 spectrometer

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), FEI Nova NanoSEM (Hillsboro, OR, USA), was utilized to investigate the morphology of the GNPs obtained from the exfoliation of the graphite flakes. The thickness of the prepared GNPs was measured with an AFM (Bruker Multimode 8 with PF TUNA, CA, USA). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) measurements were performed on a PerkinElmer D100 spectrometer (Ohio, USA) in attenuated total reflectance mode. Raman spectra were obtained with a PerkinElmer Raman Station 200F (Ohio, USA). Bruker AXS D8 Discover instruments (Texas, USA) with a general area detector diffraction system using Cu Kα source were utilized to obtain X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the prepared samples. A tribological test was performed on the four-ball tribometer (MRS-10A, Shandong, China). The test was carried out at room temperature under a load of 400 N with a speed of 1450 rpm.

Kanamycin was obtained from TCI, Chennai, India. Copper sulfate (Cu₂SO₄), phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄, sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl), methyl blue (MB) and ethanol were obtained from Ajax Finechem (Australia). All chemicals were utilized without any further purification. The nanostructured morphology, composition, as well as elemental distribution in kana-Cu₃(PO₄)₂ hybrid flowers were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and EDS mapping using an EDS-integrated FEI Nova NanoSEM (Hillsboro, USA, operating under HV and Stage bias condition of 15 KeV, samples were coated with Pt) and an Everhart Thornley Detector (ETD). Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption measurements of samples in solution were collected using a Cary 50 Bio spectrophotometer with a cell of 1 cm path length. A BrukerAXS D8 Discover instrument with a general area detector diffraction system (GADDS) using a Cu Kα source was utilized to obtain XRD patterns of the hybrid flowers. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) measurements were performed on a PerkinElmer D100 spectrometer in attenuated total reflectance mode.