C57bl 6j

Men1^flox/flox mice (129/SvJ)13 (link) were bred with mice expressing Cre recombinase driven by the rat insulin promoter (Rip-Cre) to generate the βMen1-KO mice. Ctnnb1^flox/flox mice (C57BL/6J) were purchased from Jackson Laboratory. The βBcat-KO mice were generated by breeding Ctnnb1^flox/flox mice and Rip-Cre mice (mixed C57BL/6J:129/SvJ). Heterozygous (Men1^f/+-Cre⁺, Ctnnb1^f/+-Cre⁺) mice (mixed C57BL/6J:129/SvJ) were backcrossed with C57BL/6J mice five times and then crossed to generate homozygous mice. The βMen1/Bcat-KO mice (C57BL/6J) were generated by breeding βMen1-KO mice (C57BL/6J) and βBcat-KO mice (C57BL/6J). The C57BL/6J mice were purchased from the Shanghai Laboratory Animal Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (SLAC, CAS). All of the mice were housed in pathogen-free facilities with a 12 h light/dark cycle and had free access to water and food. The βBcat-KO and control mice were fed a standard chow diet or a HFD (research diets) for 4 months. βMen1-KO mice, at the age of 14 months, were intraperitoneally injected with PKF115-584 (0.5 mg kg⁻¹, Novartis Pharmaceuticals) or vehicle (0.2% dimethylsulphoxide in PBS) every 3 days for 8 weeks. All mice used for the experiments were males. All of the animal experiments were conducted in accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals published by the National Institutes of Health.

C57BL/6J (8–10 weeks old) mice were purchased from Shanghai Experimental Animal Center (Chinese Academy of Sciences, China). All procedures were performed in accordance with the institutional guidelines and were approved by the Ethics Committee of Wuhan Union Hospital.

The 6-week-old female C57BL/6J and BALB/c mice were purchased from Shanghai Laboratory Animal Center (Shanghai, China). Animal experiments were approved in accordance with the guidelines issued by the Animal Ethics Committee of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine (Shanghai China).