Unconfined uniaxial compression tests were performed with an MTS QTestTM/10 Elite controller using TestWorks® 4 software (MTS Systems Corporation, Edan Prairie, MN, USA). The cylindrical geometry of each sample was measured before testing (φ = 11 mm, h = 12 mm for CHg; φ = 4 mm, h = 4 mm for CHg-TA). The hydrogel was compressed at a test speed of 0.5 mm/min with a cell of 10 N. The data acquisition rate was set at 20 Hz. The compressive modulus (E) was estimated as the slope of the linear region of the stress–strain curves. All experiments were performed in triplicate.
Testworks 4
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Sourced in United States
TestWorks 4 software is a comprehensive testing and analysis solution developed by MTS Systems. It provides a platform for managing and executing various testing procedures. The software enables data acquisition, analysis, and reporting capabilities for a range of test types and applications.
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10 protocols using testworks 4
1
Uniaxial Compression Testing of Hydrogels
2
Mechanical Properties of Valvular Leaflets
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We determined leaflets mechanical properties using uni-axial tensile tests with a universal testing machine Adamel Lhomargy MTS 100 (MTS Systems Corporation; Eden Prairie, MN) equipped with test TestWorks 4 software (MTS Systems Corporation; Eden Prairie, MN). The mechanical properties of native or prosthetic valvular leaflets have been published previously with validated methods [18, 19] .
Five leaflets were tested for each substrate in each of the 4 conditions. Tissue thickness was measured with a caliper with a precision of 0.01 mm. A 100 N load cell was used to apply a tensile force to the tissue samples, and the tissue was stretched at a constant rate of 0.5 mm/min to obtain stress-strain curve on which were recorded stress at break, elongation at break, ultimate tensile strength (maximum stress that a material can withstand while being stretched before breaking) and elastic modulus (slope of stress-strain curve in the elastic deformation region).
Five leaflets were tested for each substrate in each of the 4 conditions. Tissue thickness was measured with a caliper with a precision of 0.01 mm. A 100 N load cell was used to apply a tensile force to the tissue samples, and the tissue was stretched at a constant rate of 0.5 mm/min to obtain stress-strain curve on which were recorded stress at break, elongation at break, ultimate tensile strength (maximum stress that a material can withstand while being stretched before breaking) and elastic modulus (slope of stress-strain curve in the elastic deformation region).
3
Nanomechanical Characterization of Synthesized Materials
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The elastic modulus and nanohardness of the synthesized materials were evaluated with nanoindentation testing using a Berkovich tip (G200, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). Before evaluation, the tip was calibrated with a fused silica sample. The loading and unloading times were both 15 s, and the holding time was 10 s. During evaluation, the maximum loading and unloading force applied was 0.098 N. Testworks 4 software (MTS Systems Corporation, Eden Prairie, MN, USA) was used to record and calculate the measured data. Statistical software (SPSS Statistic 24; IBM) was applied to assess and analyze the differences in the elastic modulus and nanohardness of the synthesized materials. Differences were considered significant at p < 0.05. The data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation.
4
Fabrication of 3D Porous HAp-Gemosilamine Scaffold
5
Nanomechanical Characterization of Dental Enamel
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Nanoindentation testing was carried out in a nanoindenter (G200, Agilent Technologies, CA, USA) with a Berkovich tip (tip radius of approximately 20 nm). Native enamel and acid-etched enamel were used as controls. Each sample was stored, and the data were obtained at 25°C and a relative humidity of 40%. For the test, the tip was calibrated with fused silica before evaluation. The hardness and elastic modulus of the specimens were measured using a continuous stiffness measurement technique. During the loading process, the constant strain rates were controlled at 0.2 nm s−1. The applied load force and the depth of penetration into the samples during the indentation were continuously monitored by the computer. Twenty points were indented for each specimen, and three different specimens of native enamel, acid-etched enamel, and repaired enamel were tested. The data were recorded and processed by TestWorks 4 software (MTS Systems Corporation, Eden Prairie, MN, USA), which obtained the nanohardness and elastic modulus by calculating the mean value from 200 nm to 2000 nm, and these data were presented as force-displacement curves.
6
Nano-Indentation Analysis of Dental Tissues
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Following micro-CT scanning, samples (n = 8 per group) were sectioned vertically for mechanical analysis in the cross-section. The nano-hardness values and elastic modulus (Young’s modulus) of the dentine adjacent to GICs was assessed by a nano-indentation test. A Berkovich diamond tip (Nano-Indenter G200, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) was used to perform the test at room temperature. The tip was calibrated using a fused-silica sample prior to evaluation. The force applied was 100 mN. Nine indentations were made on each sample, approximately 25 µm apart away from each other. The data were recorded and analyzed by Testworks 4 software (MTS Systems Corporation, Eden Prairie, MN, USA). The nano-hardness and elastic modulus of each sample were calculated via the rate-jump method [29 (link),30 (link)], which can minimize the viscous effect of viscoelastic materials and provide reliable mechanical data during nano-indentation. The detailed information of how the results were calculated can be seen in the supplementary document . The typical force-displacement curve was presented.
7
Tensile and Impact Testing of COCs
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The two COCs were extruded in a co-rotating conical twin-screw extruder Minilab II HaakeTM Rheomex CTW 5 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). The molten material was then transferred to a Thermo Scientific Haake Minijet II (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Tensile tests were performed using dog-bone tensile bars molded through injection using the Haake Type 3 (557-2290), following the protocols reported in ASTM D 638. The fabrication conditions used for both samples are reported in Table 1 .
Tensile tests were carried out using the Instron 5500R universal testing machine (Canton, MA, USA) equipped with a load cell of 10 kN and a crosshead speed of 10 mm/min. Data were collected with the TestWorks 4.0 software (MTS Systems Corporation, Eden Prairie, MN, USA).
Following the standard method ISO 179:1993, Charpy’s Impact test samples (80 × 10 × 4 mm3 parallelepiped) are performed on V-notched specimens using a 15 J Charpy pendulum (CEAST 9050, Instron, Canton, MA, USA).
For each mechanical test, five replicates (n = 5) were tested at room temperature (RT) for each sample.
Tensile tests were carried out using the Instron 5500R universal testing machine (Canton, MA, USA) equipped with a load cell of 10 kN and a crosshead speed of 10 mm/min. Data were collected with the TestWorks 4.0 software (MTS Systems Corporation, Eden Prairie, MN, USA).
Following the standard method ISO 179:1993, Charpy’s Impact test samples (80 × 10 × 4 mm3 parallelepiped) are performed on V-notched specimens using a 15 J Charpy pendulum (CEAST 9050, Instron, Canton, MA, USA).
For each mechanical test, five replicates (n = 5) were tested at room temperature (RT) for each sample.
8
Mechanical and Morphological Characterization of Polymer Blends
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Tensile tests were performed at room temperature at a crosshead speed of 10 mm/min by means of an Instron 4302 universal testing machine (Canton, MA, USA), equipped with a 10 kN load cell and interfaced with a computer running the TestWorks 4.0 software (MTS Systems Corporation, Eden Prairie, MN, USA).
Impact tests were performed on V-notched specimens (width:10 mm, length: 80 mm, thickness: 4 mm, V-notch 2 mm at 45°) using a 15 J Charpy pendulum on an Instron CEAST 9050 (CEAST, Torino, Italy), equipped with DAS 8000 junior for data recording at a frequency of 1000 kHz. The standard method ISO179:2000 was followed. For each blend, at least ten specimens were tested at room temperature.
The morphology of the blends was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using a JEOL JSM-5600LV (Tokyo, Japan), by analysis of the cryo-fractured surfaces that were previously sputtered with gold.
Solubility tests were performed by stirring compound samples at room temperature for 24 h in a 90/10 acetone/water solution. Residual samples were washed twice with fresh solvent and then dried at 60 °C for 24 h. Amounts of lost matter were determined gravimetrically.
Impact tests were performed on V-notched specimens (width:10 mm, length: 80 mm, thickness: 4 mm, V-notch 2 mm at 45°) using a 15 J Charpy pendulum on an Instron CEAST 9050 (CEAST, Torino, Italy), equipped with DAS 8000 junior for data recording at a frequency of 1000 kHz. The standard method ISO179:2000 was followed. For each blend, at least ten specimens were tested at room temperature.
The morphology of the blends was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using a JEOL JSM-5600LV (Tokyo, Japan), by analysis of the cryo-fractured surfaces that were previously sputtered with gold.
Solubility tests were performed by stirring compound samples at room temperature for 24 h in a 90/10 acetone/water solution. Residual samples were washed twice with fresh solvent and then dried at 60 °C for 24 h. Amounts of lost matter were determined gravimetrically.
9
Mechanical Characterization of Hydrogel Microstructures
10
Unconfined Uniaxial Compression Testing
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The compression tests were performed with MTS QTestTM/10 Elite controller using TestWorks® 4 software (MTS Systems Corporation, Edan Prairie, Minnesota, USA) The unconfined uniaxial compression was performed with cell loaded of 10 N and a test speed of 0.5 mm/min. The samples tested had cylindrical geometry: φ = 10 mm X h = 11 mm. The data acquisition rate was set as 20 Hz. The compressive modulus was calculated by TestWorks 4 software. The modulus was estimated as the slope of the linear region of the stress–strain curves.
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