R statistical language version 4

Continuous variables were assessed for their normal distribution with the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test and are reported as median and interquartile range. Categorical variables are reported as absolute frequency and percentage. For between-group comparisons, the χ² test for categorical parameters and the Kruskal–Wallis test for continuous variables were utilized. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate factors associated with overall postoperative incontinence. Variables available for all patients were entered into the multivariable model to assess their significance as independent predictors. Predictors were described using odds ratios (OR), 95% confidence intervals (CI), and p values. A two-tailed p value < 0.05 was considered significant. All statistical tests were performed using R Statistical language, version 4.3.0 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria).

Statistical analyses were carried out with R Statistical language, version 4.3.0 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria). p < 0.05 indicated statistical significance with the Shapiro–Wilk test employed to assess for normality. Fisher exact test or χ² test was used to compare for categorical parameters. Mann–Whitney U test was applied for continuous variables.
Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to reduce confounding. The following variables were included for matching: age, prostate volume, preoperative IPSS, preoperative Qmax, and preoperative PVR. To establish favourable matching, an absolute standardised mean difference (ASMD) threshold of < 0.1 was employed. Univariate analysis (UVA) was performed in order to evaluate factors associated with postoperative urinary incontinence and a multivariable model was built thereafter.