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10 protocols using sc30 digital camera

1

Floral Visitors and Pollen Collection Behavior

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Focal observations were made on days with clear skies, with the help of scaffolding installed next to the plants. Images were captured with a Nikon DSLR D7200 Digital Camera. Pinheiro et al. (2018) studied the floral visitors of both species (however, S. flaemingii was referred to as ‘Swartzia oblata’), while our observations were focused on the pollen collection behaviour and interaction of the animals with the floral parts. Visitors were grouped according to their pollen gathering behaviour following the terminology proposed by Portman et al. (2019) . These behaviours include: scraping with the extremities, buzzing, rubbing with the body and/or scopae, rubbing with the face, tapping and rasping. Several bees were captured for identification by a specialist (see Acknowledgements).
The opening dynamics of the anthers were complemented with an Olympus SZ61 stereomicroscope with an Olympus SC30 digital camera.
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2

Histological Evaluation of Liver Samples

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After scarification, livers were removed and kept in 10% buffered formaldehyde for microscopic inspection. All test individuals in each experimental group received blocks of these livers preserved by formalin-fixed paraffin embedding. Bancroft et al. [32 (link)] described how to fix and stain sections (5 μm thick) using Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E). Two researchers independently evaluated pathology grades for H&E-stained slides using light microscopy and the Ishak-modified histology activity index system [27 (link)]. The grading method was as follows: 1 for no anomaly, 2 for minor changes (10%), 3 for moderate changes (25%), 4 for significant changes (50%), and 5 for severe/marked alterations (>75%). Images were captured with an Olympus SC30 digital camera and an Olympus BX-46 microscope.
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3

Multicolor Immunofluorescence Staining of Splenic Cells

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Spleens were frozen in OCT (Sakura) and cut into 8-μm-thick sections using a cryostat microtome. The sections were dried overnight, blocked with 5% goat sera (Dako), and stained with the following anti-mouse antibodies: B220-APC (RA3-6B2; BD Biosciences), CD138-PE (281-2; BD Biosciences), GL-7-FITC (BD Biosciences), Ly6G-PE (1A8; BioLegend), hCD2-FITC (RPA-2.10, BioLegend), IgG3-APC (R40-82), and CD11b-FITC (M1/70; BD Biosciences). Images were acquired on a confocal laser scanning microscope (Leica; TCS SP5) and processed with Photoshop software (Adobe Systems). For histopathological evaluation of the joints, paws were removed from the mice at the end point (day 61) and fixed by immersion in 4% paraformaldehyde. Paws were then decalcified in 10% ethylenediaminetetraacetate for 2 to 3 wk at room temperature, followed by paraffin embedding and sectioning. Deparaffinized and rehydrated slides were stained with H&E and used to assess joint inflammation and bone degradation (seven slides per joint at 5- and 200-μm intervals between slides). Images were acquired on a Zeiss Axioplan microscope that was equipped with an Olympus SC30 digital camera.
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4

Histopathological Evaluation of Tumor Tissue

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5-μm-thick paraffin-embedded tumor tissue sections were cut using a Thermo Fisher Scientific HM 340E Electronic Rotary Microtome and then stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). The histopathology of the H&E-stained tumor tissue sections was evaluated by an experienced pathologist, who was blinded to the treatment groups. Histological images were taken by an Olympus (Center Valley, PA) BX43 microscope equipped with an Olympus SC30 digital camera. For mitotic rate analyses in tumor specimens, the number of mitoses in twenty consecutive 400× magnification fields was quantified for each tumor, after which the average number of mitoses per field was calculated to determine the mitotic index for each tumor sample.
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5

Seeding and Culturing Huh-7 Cells

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Huh-7 cells grown in cell culture flasks were washed with PBS, and then trypsinized with Trypsin-EDTA (0.05%), phenol red (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Catalogue # 25300054). Following completion of cell detachment from the flask, growth media (DMEM high glucose (Sigma, Catalogue #D6546) supplemented with 2 mM L-Glutamine (ThermoFisher Scientific, Catalogue #25030081) and 10% Fetal Calf Serum (FCS) (Amimed, Catalogue #2-01F00-I) was added to stop the process. Subsequently the cells were spun in a centrifuge at 200 g in a swinging bucket rotor and washed twice with PBS. Finally the cell pellet was suspended in growth media at a concentration of 5000 cells/μl. 25,000 cells were then used to seed each well of a 6 well plate with or without the basement matrices as prepared earlier. Cells were observed every day, with growth media being changed every alternate day for a total duration of a week. At 1 day and 7 days post seeding, cells were imaged with an Olympus Phase Contrast microscope, and live snapshots were taken with an Olympus CKX41 inverted microscope equipped with a SC 30 digital camera (Olympus). The images were procured on an inverted Phase Contrast microscope with Cell Sens software. All images documented were then processed with OMERO (an initiative of the open microscopy environment https://www.openmicroscopy.org/) for digital zoom.
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6

Fossil Insect Preservation Analyses

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Three insect fossils from the Stolleklint Clay and Fur Formation showing various states of preservation were selected for this study: (1) a pair of isolated but three-dimensional beetle elytra (Coleoptera; FUM-N-17627) collected from a calcium carbonate concretion near ash layer +15 in the Fur Formation; (2) a flattened yet fully articulated wasp (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae; FUM-N-11263) preserved in a calcium carbonate concretion, collected from the Fur Formation on the Island of Mors; and (3) a compressed but largely articulated damselfly (Odonata, Zygoptera; FUM-N-10904) found in hardened clays of the Stolleklint Clay. All specimens are housed in collections at Museum Salling, Fur Museum, Fur, Denmark, and were photographed in 96% ethanol using an Olympus SZX16 stereo microscope equipped with an Olympus SC30 digital camera prior to ultrastructural and molecular analyses.
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7

Sphere formation from stem cells

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103 cells were resuspended in 4 ml of STEM medium containing DMEM/F12 (Thermo Fisher Scientific), B27 supplement (Thermo Fisher Scientific, 1X), EGF (Sigma‐Aldrich, 20 ng/ml), and FGF (Sigma‐Aldrich, 10 ng/ml). The cells were then plated in T25 flasks pre‐coated with 1% Noble agar (Difco). Fresh aliquots of medium were added every 3 days, and after 10 days, the spheres were observed and counted on an Olympus CKX41 inverted microscope equipped with a SC 30 digital camera (Olympus) and counted using the ImageJ software.
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8

Quantifying Tumor-Associated Neutrophils and Lymphocytes

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TANs or TALs were defined as any neutrophils or lymphocytes that were in close proximity to the tumor base in non-invasive neoplasms or between tumor nests in invasive neoplasms. Four fields from the tumor were selected under low magnification (×100), and the neutrophils and lymphocytes were counted at high magnification (× 400) using 2D image analysis software (Olympus CellSense, Tokyo, Japan) on an Olympus BX-46 microscope equipped with an Olympus SC30 digital camera. Care was taken not to count such inflammatory cells in areas of ulceration or erosion. Then, the average number was calculated and scored. TANs and TALs (either CD4 or CD8 T lymphocytes) were identified in the lamina propria just beneath the lower margin of the non-invasive urothelial neoplasm or infiltrated in the cancer nests or stroma.
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9

Tick Specimen Identification and Imaging

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Ticks were collected and stored in tubes containing 70–90% ethanol. Samples were visualised using an Olympus SZ61 stereomicroscope (Olympus, Centre Valley, PA, USA) with an external Schott KL 1500 LED (Schott AG Mainz, Germany) light source. Photographs of tick specimens were taken using an Olympus SC30 digital camera (Olympus, Centre Valley, PA, USA) and analysis getIT software (Olympus, Centre Valley, PA, USA). Instar, sex and species were identified using a combination of available morphological keys and species descriptions (Roberts, 1970 ; Jackson et al., 2002 ; Laan et al., 2011 ; Barker and Walker, 2014 ; Kwak et al., 2017 (link)).
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10

Gonadosomatic Index and Cell Dynamics

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The gonadosomatic index (GSI) was calculated as an index of the reproductive stage [100 × (GM/BM) (%)] where GM is gonad mass (in grams) and BM is body mass (in grams).
The quantification of anti-BrdU immunostained and TUNEL stained indexes were calculated as the mean value ± SEM of the stained area/total area of 24 randomly distributed optical areas at 200 x magnification. The stained areas were measured by image analysis using a Nikon eclipse E600 light microscope, an Olympus SC30 digital camera (Olympus soft imaging solutions GMBH), and Image Tool 3.00 software (The University of Texas Health Science Center).
Data were analysed by one-way ANOVA and a post hoc test (Tukey Honestly Significant Difference or Waller Duncan) to determine differences between groups (P≤0.05). Normality of the data was previously assessed using a Shapiro-Wilk test and homogeneity of variance was also verified using the Levene test. All data related to sex steroid serum levels and gene expressions did not meet parametric assumptions, and they were subjected to a non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by a multiple comparison test. The critical value for statistical significance was taken as P≤0.05. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS 12.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). All data are presented as mean ± standard error to the mean (SEM).
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