With metabolic activation system, Benzo[α]pyrene (Sigma-Aldrich, MO, USA) for TA98, 2-Aminoanthracene (Sigma-Aldrich) for TA100, TA1535, TA1537 and E. coli. Without metabolic activation system, Sodium azide (Sigma-Aldrich) for TA100 and TA1535, 4-Nitroquinoline N-oxide (Sigma-Aldrich) for TA98 and E. coli, 9-Aminoacridine (Sigma-Aldrich) for TA1537 were used.
2 aminoanthracene
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany
2-aminoanthracene is a chemical compound that can be used as a laboratory reagent. It is a crystalline solid with a characteristic aromatic odor. The core function of 2-aminoanthracene is to serve as a precursor and intermediate in various organic synthesis reactions, particularly in the production of dyes and other chemical compounds.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Sodium azide, by Merck Group (16 mentions)
9 aminoacridine, by Merck Group (12 mentions)
2 nitrofluorene, by Merck Group (9 mentions)
Benzo a pyrene, by Merck Group (9 mentions)
Mitomycin c, by Merck Group (8 mentions)
4 nitroquinoline n oxide, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
4 nitroquinoline 1 oxide, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
2 aminofluorene, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Potassium chloride (kcl), by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Bacto agar, by BD (4 mentions)
Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Glucose 6 phosphate (g6p), by Merck Group (4 mentions)
D biotin, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Biotin, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Tryptophan, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Colchicine, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Histidine, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Nutrient broth, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Ampicillin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Sodium chloride (nacl), by Merck Group (2 mentions)
27 protocols using 2 aminoanthracene
1
Mutagenicity Assay with Activators
2
Mutagenicity and Genotoxicity Assays
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Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), nicotine-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), sodium azide, 2-nitrofluorene, 9-aminoacridine, 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide, 2-aminoanthracene, fetal bovine serum (FBS), absolute methanol, cyclophosphamide monohydrate (CPA), sodium thiopentone barbiturate, isoflurane, magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, and sodium phosphate salts were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537 strains were sourced from the National Collection of Type Cultures (London, UK). Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA/pKM101 was obtained from the National Collection of Industrial, Food, and Marine Bacteria (Scotland, UK). Lyophilized rat liver S9 fraction and Bacto Agar were purchased from Celsis International (Cambridge, UK) and Becton Dickinson, Sparks, MD, respectively. The clinical chemistry and hematology reagents were obtained from Instrumentation Laboratory India Pvt. Ltd. (New Delhi, India) and Siemens (Munich, Germany), respectively.
3
Diverse Chemical Reagents for Research
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Ammonium sodium phosphate dibasic tetrahydrate, anhydrous dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, and sodium chloride were purchased from Fluka (Seelze, Germany). Bacto™ agar was purchased from Becton Dickinson & Co (Sparks, MD, USA). Citric acid monohydrate, disodium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate, and sodium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate were purchased from Panreac (Barcelona, Spain). 9–Aminoacridine, 2–aminoanthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, D–biotin, D–(+)–glucose monohydrate, glucose–6-phosphate, dimethyl sulfoxide, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, 2–nitrofluorene, and tert–butyl hydroperoxide were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). L–Histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), magnesium sulfate heptahydrate was purchased from (LabChem Inc., Zelienople, PA, USA), nutrient broth nº 2 was from Oxoid (Basingstoke, UK), and sodium azide was purchased from J.T. Baker Chemical Company (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA). Aroclor 1254–induced rat liver S9 was purchased from Trinova Biochem (GmbH, Giessen, Germany). Ultrapure water from a Milli-Q water purification system (Millipore, Molsheim, France) was used to prepare all the solutions, dilutions, and culture media.
4
Cigarette Smoke Exposure Protocol
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The 3R4F cigarette was kindly provided by the Korea Institute of Toxicology. The TL and TW were purchased from Korean commercial sources. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), 2-aminoanthracene, benzo[a]pyrene and cytochalasin B were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Aroclor 1254-induced Sprague Dawley rat liver S9 was obtained from Moltox (Boone, NC, USA). The S9-cofactor, consisting of phosphate buffer, NADP, glucose 6-phosphate, KCl, MgCl2 and CaCl2, was purchased from Wako (Tokyo, Japan).
5
Salmonella Reverse Mutation Assay
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Five characterized histidine-dependent strains of Salmonella typhimurium (TA98, TA100, TA102, TA1535, TA1537; MFDS, Osong, Korea) were utilized for bacterial reverse mutation assay (Ames test) in accordance with OECD guideline 471 [27 ]. S. typhimurium strains were incubated with the AA extract with or without an S9 mix in the dark at 37℃ for 48 h. The standard mutagens (2-nitrofluorene, sodium azide, mitomycin C, 9-aminoacridine, and 2-aminoanthracene; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) were used as positive controls. The extract was considered to be positive if there was a two-fold increase relative to negative control or a dose-dependent increase in the number of revertant colonies.
6
Mutagenicity Evaluation of Silver Nanoparticles
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Ag-NP/NSP and Ag-NP/SMA were evaluated for mutagenicity by the Ames mutagenicity assay using the plate incorporation method [51 (link)]. Histidine-required Salmonella typhimurium strains, TA98, TA100, TA102 and TA1535 were tested either with or without S9 (metabolic activation fraction mixture to mimic the mammalian metabolic conditions). The test strains were prepared as a homogeneous suspended solution of Ag-NP/NSP or Ag-NP/SMA with the concentration of Ag-NP at 0.55, 1.09, 2.19, 4.38 and 8.75 ppm with the S9 or plain buffer in the final volume of 0.6 mL. The doses were selected not to inhibit the growth of S. typhimurium strains. After incubation at 37 °C for 1h, 2 mL of molten top agar was added to cover plating aliquot (0.1mL) and spread over on a minimum histidine agar plate. His+ revertant colonies were counted in triplicate after incubation for 48h. Negative control (NC) was tested with double-distilled water (ddH2O). Positive control (PC) mutagen incubation without S9 treatment was sodium azide (8 μg/plate) (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) for TA1535 and mitomycin C (1 μg/plate) (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) for TA98, TA100 and TA102; with S9 treatment was 2-aminoanthracene (4 μg/plate) (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) for TA1535 and benzo[a]pyrene (1 μg/plate) (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) for TA98, TA100 and TA102.
7
Bacterial Mutagenicity Assay Reagents
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All chemicals used in this study were of analytical grade. The NADP and glucose-6-phosphate used were obtained from Roche Biochem (Stockholm, Sweden). Aroclor-induced S9 from rat liver was purchased from Trinova Biochem (Giessen, Germany). Histidine, potassium chloride, magnesium sulfate, potassium phosphate dibasic anhydrous and sodium ammonium phosphate were purchased from Merck AG (Darmstadt, Germany). Magnesium chloride hexahydrate and citric acid monohydrate were acquired from VWR international (Leuven, Belgium). Biotin, tryptophan, methylcellulose (MC), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), benzo[a]pyrene, 2-aminoanthracene, sodium azide, estradiol, bisphenol A, progesterone and testosterone were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). D-Luciferin was obtained from Biotherma (Handen, Sweden). Yeast nitrogen base medium without amino acids was obtained from Becton Dickinson (Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA).
8
Bacterial Mutagenicity Assay with Rat Liver S9
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Chemicals and reagents were obtained from the following suppliers: nutrient broth from Oxoid Ltd. (Basingstoke, UK), water (CAS No.7732-18-5) from Baxter (Newbury, UK), glucose (CAS No. 50-99-7), magnesium sulphate (CAS No. 7487-88-9), potassium chloride (CAS No. 7447-40-7) and sodium phosphate buffer from Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, UK), magnesium chloride (CAS No. 7786-30-3) from VWR (Radnor, PA, USA), citric acid (CAS No. 77-92-9), d-biotin (CAS No. 58-85-5), glucose-6-phosphate (CAS No. 3671-99-6), histidine (CAS No. 71-00-1) and sodium ammonium phosphate tetrahydrate (CAS No. 7783-13-3) from Sigma-Aldrich Co. Ltd. (Poole, UK), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) (CAS No. 698999-85-8) and rat liver S9 from Molecular Toxicology Inc. (Boone, NC, USA), Bactoagar from Becton Dickinson and Co. (Oxford, UK), dipotassium phosphate (CAS No. 7758-11-4) from Camlab (Cambridge, UK).
Positive control chemicals included 9-aminoacridine (CAS No. 90-45-9), 2-aminoanthracene (CAS No. 613-13-8), benzo[a]pyrene (CAS No. 50-32-8), mitomycin C (CAS No. 50-07-7), 2-nitrofluorene (CAS No. 607-57-8) and sodium azide (CAS No. 26628-22-8) all from Sigma-Aldrich (Poole, UK). Antibiotics comprised ampicillin (CAS No. 69-53-4) and tetracycline (CAS No. 60-54-8) from Sigma-Aldrich (Poole, UK).
Positive control chemicals included 9-aminoacridine (CAS No. 90-45-9), 2-aminoanthracene (CAS No. 613-13-8), benzo[a]pyrene (CAS No. 50-32-8), mitomycin C (CAS No. 50-07-7), 2-nitrofluorene (CAS No. 607-57-8) and sodium azide (CAS No. 26628-22-8) all from Sigma-Aldrich (Poole, UK). Antibiotics comprised ampicillin (CAS No. 69-53-4) and tetracycline (CAS No. 60-54-8) from Sigma-Aldrich (Poole, UK).
9
Bacterial Mutagenicity Assay Protocols
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The following chemicals—2-aminoanthracene (2-AA), benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), sodium azide (SA), 2-nitrofluorene (2-NF), 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO), acridine mutagen ICR 191 (ICR-191), cyclophosphamide monohydrate (CPA), acridine orange solution (AO), ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), potassium chloride (KCl), magnesium sulfate, citric acid monohydrate, potassium phosphate dibasic anhydrous, sodium ammonium phosphate, glucose, sodium chloride, tryptophan, histidine, biotin, methyl alcohol, and glacial acetic acid—were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA). Oxoid Nutrient Broth No. 2 and Bacto agar were purchased from Thermo Scientific Inc. (Waltham, MA, USA) and BD (Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA), respectively. S9 mix (5% for bacterial reverse mutation assay and 30% for chromosomal aberration assay, v/v) was prepared using Aroclor 1254-induced rat liver S9 (Molecular Toxicology Inc., Boone, NC, USA) supplemented with cofactor-I (8 μM MgCl2, 33 μM KCl, 5 μM glucose-6-phosphate, 4 μM nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, 4 μM nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, 100 μM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4; Wako Pure Chem. Ind., Osaka, Japan). S9 mix was prepared fresh prior to use and kept on ice during the experiment. Information on chemicals and reagents not described here is supplied in the relevant sections in “Materials and methods” section.
10
Mutagenic Compounds for Cell Assays
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2-aminoanthracene (2-AA), Mitomycin C (MMC), ICR-191, Benzo(a)pyrene (BP), Sodium azide (SA) and 2-nitrofluorene (2-NF) were from Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis Missouri United States.
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