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37 protocols using diammonium hydrogen phosphate

1

Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

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Ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3·6H2O), ferrous chloride tetrahydrate (FeCl2·4H2O), Calcium chloride dihydrate (CaCl2.2H2O), diammonium hydrogen phosphate ((NH4)2(HPO4)), Cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) and the other regents all were purchased locally from Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals and used as received.
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2

Synthesis of nHA and GNS Coatings on Ti6Al7Nb

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Ti6Al7Nb alloy was used as the substrate for the synthesis of nHA and GNS containing coatings in this study. The chemical composition of the substrate is presented in Table 1. The alloy plates supplied with 50 × 50 × 0.4 cm and then, cut by using a water jet machine with dimensions of 2.5 × 2.5 cm2. The cut surfaces were ground with sandpapers step by step from 240 to 1200 to remove the cutting traces formed on their surfaces. Then, the surfaces were ultrasonically cleaned with acetone, ethanol and deionized water, respectively.

Chemical composition of Ti6Al7Nb alloy (in wt.%)

AlNbFeONTi
6.127.070.120.180.01bal.
Disodium edetate (C10H14N2Na2O8·2H2O), sulfuric acid (H2SO4, 98%), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 30% aq.), calcium nitrate tetrahydrate (Ca(NO3)2·4H2O), di-ammonium hydrogen phosphate ((NH4)2HPO4) and ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH 28% aq.) were purchased commercially from Sigma-Aldrich. Graphene nanosheets (GNS) were purchased from Nanografi Company with 99% pureness. All chemicals were used analytically and without further purification.
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3

Hydroxyapatite Materials Synthesis and Characterization

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All the chemicals were used as received from the manufacturer. For the preparation of the HA materials, calcium nitrate tetrahydrate (Ca(NO3)·4H2O, AR), triethyl phosphate (P(OC2H5)3, AR), diammonium hydrogen phosphate ((NH4)2HPO4, AR), Pluronic F127, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and 10× concentrated phosphate buffered saline (10× PBS) all came from Sigma-Aldrich, while anhydrous ethanol was from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Protein adsorption and cell culture studies required bovine serum albumin (BSA), vitronectin, BCATM Protein Assay Kit, hexamethyldisilane (HMDS), and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS, AR) all from Sigma-Aldrich; Minimum Essential Media (MEM), Glutamax, Non-Essential Amino Acids (NEAA), Antibiotic-Antimycotic solution (Anti-Anti), and TrypLE Express were purchased from Invitrogen; MTS reagent from Promega, and Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) from SAFC Biosciences (Hampshire, England). The water used in all experiments was passed through a Millipore (Boston, MA, USA) Milli Q ultrapure water purification system and had a resistivity higher than 18.2 MΩcm.
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4

Synthesis of Nanostructured Hydroxyapatite

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PCL with molecular weight (M.W.) 80,000 g·mol−1, MET, dichloromethane (DCM), dimethylformamide (DMF), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), diammonium hydrogen phosphate ((NH4)2HPO4), calcium nitrate tetrahydrate (Ca(NO3)2·4H2O) and ammonium hydroxide solution (NH4OH) were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich GmbH, Steinheim, Germany. Darvan 821A was purchased from R. T. Vanderbilt, Norwalk, CT, USA. Darvan 821A is an ammonium polyacrylate mainly used as a dispersing agent to avoid the formation of particle aggregates of nHAP in homogeneous and highly concentrated nHAP colloidal suspension. Deionized water was used in all experiments. The resistivity of absolute pure water was 18.2 MΩ·cm at 25 °C or electrical conductivity 0.055 µS/cm. All commercial materials were used without further purification.
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5

Bioactive Scaffold for Bone Regeneration

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The fruits of EA were obtained from South Khorasan, Birjand, Iran. Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate (Ca (NO3)2·4H2O), diammonium hydrogen phosphate ((NH4)2HPO4), PCL, cetylpyridinium chloride, alizarin red S, penicillin–streptomycin, MTT, Triton X-100, ascorbic acid, dexamethasone, and β-glycerol phosphate disodium salt pentahydrate were supplied from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and acetic acid provided from Merck Chemical Co. Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was supplied from Capricorn, South America. Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium (DMEM) was supplied Gibco, Grand Island.
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6

Synthesis of Bismuth Phosphate

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Bismuth nitrate pentahydrate [Bi(NO3)3·5H2O, 99.99%], diammonium hydrogen phosphate [(NH4)2HPO4 > 99.0%], dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO > 99.9%) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB, 98%) were delivered from Sigma-Aldrich.
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7

Synthesis and Characterization of Nanocomposites

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6-Gingerol (> 98.0%, HPLC), Doxorubicin hydrochloride (98.0–102.0%, HPLC), calcium nitrate tetrahydrate (Ca(NO3)2·4H2O, 99%, ACS), diammonium hydrogen phosphate ((NH4)2HPO4, > 99.0%), ammonium iron(II) sulfate hexahydrate ((NH4)2Fe(SO4)2·6H2O, 99.0%, ACS), ammonium iron(III) sulfate dodecahydrate (NH4Fe(SO4)2·12H2O, 99.0%, ACS), ethanol (EtOH, > 99.8%, HPLC), methanol anhydrous (MeOH, 99.8%), alginic acid sodium salt (NaAlg, low viscosity), Cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB, > 98%) and TWEEN®80 (Viscous liquid), and ammonium hydroxide solution (puriss. p.a., 25% NH3 in H2O) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, Bangalore, India. Polyethylene glycol 200 (PEG 200) was purchased from Merck Millipore Corporation, Darmstadt, Germany. Snakeskin dialysis tubing (MWCO 3.5 kDa) was purchased Thermo Fisher, Bangalore, India.
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8

Synthesis of PCL-based Biomaterials

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Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL, Mn:5000, CELLINK, Gothenburg, Sweden), sodium hydroxide (NaOH, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), ethanol (99.5%, Sigma-Aldrich) were purchased and used as received without any further purification. Distilled-deionized (DI) water from a Millipore Milli-Q ultrapure water system was used in the experiments. Magnesium nitrate hexahydrate and diammonium hydrogen phosphate were procured from Sigma-Aldrich.
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9

Synthesis of Biomineralization Compounds

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Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate (Ca(NO3)2.4H2O, 98.5%), diammonium hydrogen phosphate ((NH4)2HPO4, 99.5%, sodium selenite ((Na2SeO3), 99%), strontium nitrate (Sr(NO3)2, 99.99%), and ammonium hydroxide ((NH4OH), 28–30%) were analytical grade chemicals purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Dorset, UK).
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10

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Analysis

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In this study, benzo[a]pyrene (99.2%), phenanthrene (99.8%), naphthalene (99.9%), fluoranthene (99.3%), benzo[a]anthracene (99.2%), calcium chloride (CaCl2) (98%), diammonium hydrogen phosphate ((NH4)2HPO4) (99%), potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4) (98%), ammonium peroxydisulfate ((NH4)2S2O8) (99%), acetic acid (99.8%), hydrochloric acid (98%), sodium hydroxide (98%), and aniline (99%) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich and used without any purification. Also, high purity nitrogen (99.99%) was obtained from Raham Company (Tehran, Iran).
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